A study on the variation of leaf venation patterns was conducted on 21 taxa of the genus Ficus in Peninsular Malaysia. The results showed the existence of eight leaf venation patterns based on veinlets, the ultimate marginal and areolar venation. The majority of species, such as F. annulata, F. benghalensis, F. benjamina, F. deltoidea var. angustifolia, F. deltoidea var. kunstleri, F. depressa, F. elastica, F. hispida, F. microcarpa, F. religiosa, F. tinctoria, F. ucinata and F. vasculosa, show tri-veinlets. The others exhibit the following: bi-veinlets in F. aurata and F. heteropleura; uni-veinlets in F. lepicarpa, F. schwarzii and F. superba; and simple veinlets in F. aurantiacea and F. fulva. F. sagittata presents no veinlets for areolar venation. The presence of tracheid or swollen veins at the centre of the lamina and the presence of cystolith cells and trichomes are common anatomical characteristics that could assist in group classification of the studied species. Variations in leaf venation patterns are not only valuable in identifying a taxon group, but can also be used to differentiate between species in the genus Ficus. Kajian variasi corak peruratan daun telah dijalankan terhadap 21 takson daripada genus Ficus di Semenanjung Malaysia. Hasil menunjukkan kehadiran lapan corak peruratan daun berdasarkan percabangan urat, peruratan tepi dan tengah lamina daun. Majoriti spesies seperti F. annulata, F. benghalensis, F. benjamina, F. deltoidea var. angustifolia, F. deltoidea var. kunstleri, F. depressa, F. elastica, F. hispida, F. microcarpa, F. religiosa, F. tinctoria, F. ucinata dan F. vasculosa menunjukkan urat bercabang tiga. Corak lain hadir seperti berikut: urat bercabang dua pada F. aurata dan F. heteropleura; urat bercabang satu pada F. lepicarpa, F. schwarzii dan F. superba; dan urat ringkas pada F. aurantiacea dan F. fulva. F. sagittata menunjukkan tiada percabangan yang hadir untuk tengah lamina. Kehadiran trakeid atau urat membengkak pada bahagian tengah lamina dan kehadiran sel sistolit serta trikom merupakan ciri anatomi sepunya yang boleh membantu dalam pengkelasan kumpulan spesies kajian. Variasi corak peruratan daun bukan sahaja mempunyai nilai dalam mengenal pasti kumpulan takson, malah boleh juga digunakan untuk membezakan antara spesies dalam genus Ficus.
Tetrastigma rafflesiae (Miq.) Planch. is a climbing plant species that is known for its unique relationship with holoparasitic plants of Rafflesiaceae. Knowledge on the mitochondrial genes of this species may contribute towards the development of molecular approaches for species identification. This study aims to identify and characterise genes from the T. rafflesiae mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and assess their potential to discriminate different Tetrastigma species. Mitochondrial-specific sequences were first selected by mapping T. rafflesiae whole-genome sequences to mitogenomes from several reference plant species. De novo assembly of these selected sequences produced a T. rafflesiae mitogenome with a size of 336 kb. Gene annotation revealed that the T. rafflesiae mitogenome contains at least 40 protein coding genes, 20 tRNAs and two rRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis using several mitochondrial genes, namely ccmB, cob, matR, nad6 and rps3 was able to differentiate T. rafflesiae from three other Tetrastigma species, indicating the potential of these genes as species-specific sequence markers. These findings supplement additional genetic information on T. rafflesiae and may aid in the effort of species classification and conservation.
Pollen morphology of 19 species of MadhucaBuch.-Ham.ex J.F. Gmelin of Malaysia was examined using both light and scanning electron microscopes.The pollen grains are single, radially symmetrical, isopolar, mostly subprolate, rarely prolate-spheroidal and spheroidal and generally 4-colporate.The largest pollen belongs to M. curtisii and M. motleyana and M. khoonmengii and M. calcicola have the smallest.On the basis of pollen surface ornamentation four main types have been recognized namely, granular, anastomosed granular, rugulate and perforate which have taxonomic significance in species grouping.Within the genus pollen diversity is valuable for both identification and delimiting of species.
Utilitarian atau kepenggunaan tumbuhan bagi memenuhi keperluan hidup merupakan nic ekologi manusia. Ia merupakan proses kebergantungan manusia terhadap sumber bagi kelangsungan hidup. Tujuan kertas kerja ini adalah untuk menghuraikan utilitarian tumbuhan ubatan oleh masyarakat di Pantai Barat sabah dalam memahami kebergantungan masyarakat di kawasan kajian terhadap sumber tumbuhan untuk kelangsungan kesihatan. Sebanyak 77 spesies daripada 43 famili telah direkodkan melalui kajian lapangan di 15 buah tamu (pasar tempatan) di Pantai Barat Sabah. Manakala 119 kegunaan tumbuhan ubatan telah didokumentasikan berdasarkan kepada maklumat daripada 107 orang responden. Kedah penyediaan tumbuhan sebagai ubat dan akses terhadap sumber tersebut juga dihuraikan bagi memahami cara pengurusan sumber tumbuhan tersebut. Kata kunci : kepenggunaan, keperluan, species, Tamu, tumbuhan ubatan, utilitarian Utilitarian or uses consumerism of plants to meet the needs is a nature of human ecological niche. It is the process of human dependence on resources for survival. The purpose of this paper is to describe the utilitarian of medicinal plants by the community of the West Coast of Sabah in understanding the community's dependence on the plant resources for health concern. A total of 77 species from 43 families were recorded through field work in 15 tamu (local market) in the West Coast. While the 119 uses of medicinal plants have been documented based on information from 107 respondents. Methods of preparing the medicine plants and access to the resources are also described to understand the management of plants resources. Keywords : consumption, needs, species, Tamu, medicinal, plants. Utilitarian
A study of pollen and seed morphology of Barleria L. of Yemen that comprises nine species has been carried out. This study utilizes the pollen and seed micromorphological characters to show its taxonomic significance within the genus, and the species studied B. acanthoides, B. aculeata, B. orbicularis, B. parviflora, B. prionitis, B. ventricosa, B. proxima, B. tetracantha and B. bispinosa. Pollen grains are spheroidal, tricolporate, short aperture and circular endoaperture are present. Measurements of lumina, columellae, apocolpium, granules and exine thickness are useful to distinguish species within the genus. Seed coat ornamentation provides a significant character to distinguish this genus which has long or short, straight or twisted and wooly hygroscopic hairs which differ from those of other genera in the family.
Pollen morphological study of six species and five genera in four tribes of Sapindaceae family was undertaken using scanning electron microscope.Seven pollen characteristics were identified to be useful in differentiating these species such as pollen type, pollen size, pollen shape, ambitus characters, variation in C/P ratio, variation in d/D pollen polar index and exine ornamentations.Two pollen classes were recorded in this study, i.e. tricolporate and triporate, while two pollen shapes were also identified namely triangle and prolate.Two diagnostic characters found useful in species identification were obtained from this study, i.e. triporate pollen type (Guioa pleuropteris) and small d/D ratio of less than 0.25 (Lepisanthes tetraphylla).
A systematic sampling and survey along the gradient directed transect was conducted within study area to investigate the effects of selective logging on tree species diversity, stand structure and physical environment of tropical hill dipterocarp forest of Peninsular Malaysia. In this study baseline information on environmental aspects of selective logging have been generated and compared with that of pre-logging condition by surveying the same samples. Soil physical parameters and microclimatic variables are mainly included for comparing spatial variation as well as species distribution. However, canopy openness is also discussed to find out its relationship to soil moisture and forest microclimate variation following logging. The variation of species composition in relation to habitat types as identified by numerical methods (Cluster and Principal Component Analysis) has been characterized and described in terms of possible environmental data. The results have been compared with the available studies from Malaysia and overseas. However, for the lack of pre-logging data as well as limited information particularly on microclimate, comparison was compounded. This study shows that the study site, Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah seems to be largely controlled by local micro-topography and associated microenvironment.
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