Being the major heterochromatin constituents, satellite DNAs serve important roles in heterochromatin establishment and regulation. Their transcripts act as epigenetic signals required for organization of pericentromeric heterochromatin during embryogenesis and are necessary for developmental progression. In addition, satellite DNAs and their transcripts potentially play an active role in modulating gene expression and epigenetic states of a genome. Due to the presence of promoter elements and transcription factor binding sites within a sequence, satellite DNAs can interfere with the expression of nearby genes. Gene activity can be directly controlled by the number of repeats in a section of satellite DNA. In the case of stress, transcriptional activation of pericentromeric satellite DNAs seems to be part of a general stress response program activated by environmental stimuli. Such diverse forms of genome regulation modulated by satellite DNAs may be controlled by selective pressures and could influence the adaptability of the organism.
The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated the production of different therapeutic approaches for the resolution of coronavirus infections. On one hand, nanobiomolecules have been proposed as bait material for viruses,1,2 on the other hand unconventional messenger RNA vaccines have been produced like SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines (BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273). [...]
Digestion of Rana graeca italica DNA with Asp718I produces highly repetitive fragments of 281 and 385 bp that were cloned and sequenced. The shorter fragment corresponds to the unit repeat (RgiS1b) of a satellite DNA. The longer fragment was found to be part of a 494-bp repeat of another satellite DNA (RgiS1a) that was cloned intact as an EcoRV fragment. RgiS1b is 97% homologous to RgiS1a, from which it seems to be derived by a single deletion. Among all species tested, only the related brown frog Rana dalmatina contained homologous repetitive DNA. The overall number of RgiS1a and RgiS1b repeats per R. graeca italica haploid genome was estimated to be 2.7 × 10 5 . RgiS1a and RgiS1b repeats are organized in separate arrays, but repetitive units formed by various combinations of the two repeats were also observed on Southern blots. The amount of these extra repeats varies greatly among animals from the same population, representing a rare case of individual variability in the satellite DNA organization. FISH with probes specific for both satellites, or for RgiS1a only, labeled the centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes. This indicated that RgiS1a and RgiS1b are interspersed within the same heterochromatic regions of the chromosomes.Key words: satellite DNA, nucleotide sequence analysis, tandem repeats organization, amphibian chromosomes.
Two repetitive DNA sequences of about 0.29 Kb and 0.39 Kb have been isolated from Rana graeca genomic DNA by digestion with Asp718I and have been cloned in pTZ18R. Hybridization data obtained with DNA probes derived from these clones indicate that: i) both sequences are highly repetitive and species-specific; ii) the two sequences are partially homologous; iii) the 0.29 Kb sequence is present in the frog genome with the typical tandem organization of satellite DNA; iv) the 0.39 Kb sequence is presumably part of a longer repetitive sequence of satellite DNA.