Introduction The two-humped Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) is a large, even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of Central Asia. Domestic Bactrian camels are economically important in Mongolia and other Central Asian countries. These animals are used for transport, milk and meat production, and camel racing which is a great culture of nomads. Eimeriosis, also known as coccidiosis, is considered as an economically important parasitic diseases in Bactrian camels. There is still considerable lack of data concerning the spectrum of monoxenous Eimeria species, their epizootiology as well as their precise life cycles in Bactrian camels. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Eimeria species in camelids from southern part of Mongolia. Methods A total of 536 fresh camel fecal samples ( n = 536) collected from herds located in five different Aimags (provinces) of Mongolia were examined. Eimeria spp. oocysts were isolated using the sugar flotation technique, and after sporulation, oocysts were identified by morphometric evaluation. Results We identified the most common Eimeria species infecting Mongolian Bactrian camels: Eimeria cameli (22.3%), Eimeria rajasthani (37.3%) and Eimeria dromedarii (27.7%). Interestingly, mixed infections were detected in 24.8% ( n = 133) of the samples, while 39.0% ( n = 209) were negative for coccidian stages. To investigate the immunogenetic response of the Mongolian Bactrian camels to Eimeria spp. infection, we screened the genetic diversity in a functional important immune response gene of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We detected two polymorphic sites in the MHC class II DRA exon 2, which translated into one non-synonymous and one synonymous amino acid (aa) change. Discussion The resulting aa alleles were not significantly associated with any of the three detected Eimeria species infections, nor could we show heterozygote advantage in non-infected Mongolian Bactrian camels. Further investigations on molecular epidemiology, in vitro culture, pathogenicity and host–parasite interactions will be necessary to better understand the impact of eimeriosis in Bactrian camels.
A total 22 (30.5%) camels were infected with 34 echinococcal cysts out of 72 slaughtered camels in Khurmen soum of Southgobi province. The prevalence of infection in camels between 5-7 years (14/22) was 18.2-22.7% and 8 years camels (6/22) were 27.3%. The fertile cyst rate was 40.9% and sterile cyst rate was 22.7%. Camel cystic echinococcosis cyst status was fertile, sterile, abscessed and calcified. Most of the cysts were located in the lungs 54.5%, liver 27.3% and lung-liver 18.2% and were spherical in shape, unilocular and 1-3 cysts located in lung and liver of one camel, cyst diameter was 2-10 cm and with cyst fluid ranging from 1 to 200 ml. Camel echinococcal cysts status and appearance were revealed as age dependent, as older camels echinococcal cysts were revealed as calcified statistically significant (p=0.0458). Histologically, leucocyte infiltration and mild hepatocellular degeneration and infiltration in the liver were noticed. In lungs, there was proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and infiltration of mononuclear cells.
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed cestode zoonosis that causes hepatic cysts. Although Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the major causative agent of CE worldwide, recent molecular epidemiological studies have revealed that E. canadensis is common in countries where camels are present. One such country is Mongolia. Methodology/Principal Findings Forty-three human hepatic CE cases that were confirmed histopathologically at the National Center of Pathology (NCP) in Ulaanbaatar (UB) were identified by analysis of mitochondrial cox 1 gene as being caused by either E. canadensis (n = 31, 72.1%) or E. granulosus s.s. (n = 12, 27.9%). The majority of the E. canadensis cases were strain G6/7 (29/31, 93.5%). Twenty three haplotypes were identified. Sixteen of 39 CE cases with data on age, sex and province of residence were citizens of UB (41.0%), with 13 of the 16 cases from UB caused by E. canadensis (G6/7) (81.3%). Among these 13 cases, nine were children (69.2%). All pediatric cases (n = 18) were due to E. canadensis with 17 of the 18 cases (94.4%) due to strain G6/7. Serum samples were available for 31 of the 43 CE cases, with 22 (71.0%) samples positive by ELISA to recombinant Antigen B8/1 (rAgB). Nine of 10 CE cases caused by E. granulosus s.s. (90.0%) and 13 of 20 CE cases by E. canadensis (G6/7) (65.0%) were seropositive. The one CE case caused by E. canadensis (G10) was seronegative. CE cases caused by E. granulosus s.s. showed higher absorbance values (median value 1.131) than those caused by E. canadensis (G6/7) (median value 0.106) (p = 0.0137). Conclusion/Significance The main species/strains in the study population were E. canadenis and E. granulossus s.s. with E. canadensis the predominant species identified in children. The reason why E. canadensis appears to be so common in children is unknown.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify cases of human echinococcosis in the Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd provinces, to determine their WHO classification by ultrasound and to identify the haplotype in surgically cysts removed. Methods: A total of 1063 people participated in ultrasound screening. Patients who had a positive echinococcosis by ultrasound underwent serologic testing for detection of antibodies for echinococcosis. Results: Ninety people were positive for the liver cystic lesions by ultrasound screening of which 12 cases were newly diagnosed cystic echinococcosis. Four were cystic echinococcosis stages 1-2, five were stage 3, while three were cystic echinococcosis stage 4. Thirty-three patients with previously known echinococcosis stage 2 and alveolar echinococcosis stage 4 were also examined. Out of 29 cystic echinococcosis cases, 24 underwent treatment. Of 24 who underwent treatment, only one was cured. The haplotypes E. canadensis G6/7 and E. granulossus s.s. G1 were confirmed by evaluating the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA in two patients in Bayan-Ulgii. Conclusion: Ninety people were positive for cystic echinococcosis in western Mongolia of which 12 cases were newly diagnosed cases. Of the 12 new cystic echinococcosis cases, 4 were stages 1-2, 5 were stage 3 and 3 were stage 4 by WHO classification. The haplotype in Bayan-Ulgii population were E. canadensis and s.s.
Cystic echinococcosis is a chronic, complex and neglected zoonotic disease with considerable socio-economic impact on the affected population. Even though Mongolia is included in the list of high cystic echinococcosis risk countries, there has been very limited research and evidence on the prevalence or prevention of cystic echinococcosis. This field-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its potential risk factors in Mongolia was conducted from April 2016 to March 2018. A total of 1,993 people were examined by ultrasound in five provinces of Mongolia. All cystic echinococcosis positive cases were classified according to the WHO-IWGE expert recommendations. The logistic regression model was used to detect the association between the presence of echinococcus infection and each potential risk factor. This was the first community survey based on ultrasound screening in Mongolia. We found 98 cystic echinococcosis cases (prevalence = 4.9%), including 85 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis positive cases and 13 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis negative cases (surgically treated cystic echinococcosis cases 11, and 2 confirmed cases of lung cystic echinococcosis by chestcomputed tomography in hospital of Ulaanbaatar). The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis varied greatly among different provinces, ranging from 2.0% to 13.1%. Children, elderly people and those with lower education had higher chances of getting cystic echinococcosis. Rather than dog ownership itself, daily practice for cleaning dog feces was associated with increased odds of cystic echinococcosis. The results of the present study show very high endemicity of cystic echinococcosis in Umnugovi province. Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosisshow high significance for following factors: demographics (age), social condition (education level) and hygiene practices (cleaning dog feces and use of gloves). Children under 18 and elderly people are considered as the most risk age groups in Mongolia.
In this study, totally 200 Bactrain camels of different ages and both sexes in Umnugobi and Dundgobi provinces of Mongolia were tested for infection with Dipetalonema evansi. Blood smears of all camels were studied for larva form of the parasite. Microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 7 out of 200 (4.66%) tested camels. In contrast, out of tested camels, 1.5% were found to be infected by D. evansi. Cameline filariasis present and it might be constituted an important health problem to camels in Mongolia, resulting in impaired capacity and lowered productivity.
Монгол тэмээн цусанд микрофилариа илрүүлсэн дүнгээс
Тэмээний филариаз нь шумуулаар дамжин халдварладаг Dipetalonema evansi (D. evansi) зүйлийн нематодоор үүсгэгддэг, эдийн засгийн хор хөнөөл ихтэй өвчин юм. Бид Өмнөговь, Дундговь аймгийн нийт 200 тэмээний цусны дээжийг түрхэцийн болон Кноттын аргаар шинжлэхэд микрофилариа (1–5.3%) илэрч байна. Тэмээнд филариазын эмнэлзүйн ил шинж тэмдэг тод ажиглагддаггүй, удаан хугацаанд өвчний үүсгэгчийг тээгч болдог нь халдвар дамжих эрсдлийг бий болгодог. Иймд эрт үед нь зөв оношилж, тохиромжтой эмчилгээг хийх шаардлагатай юм.
Түлхүүр үг: Нематод, авгалдай, Dipetalonema evansi, Bactrians
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