The correct identification of plants is a common necessity not only to researchers but also to the lay public. Recently, computational methods have been employed to facilitate this task, however, there are few studies front of the wide diversity of plants occurring in the world. This study proposes to analyse images obtained from cross-sections of leaf midrib using fractal descriptors. These descriptors are obtained from the fractal dimension of the object computed at a range of scales. In this way, they provide rich information regarding the spatial distribution of the analysed structure and, as a consequence, they measure the multiscale morphology of the object of interest. In Biology, such morphology is of great importance because it is related to evolutionary aspects and is successfully employed to characterize and discriminate among different biological structures. Here, the fractal descriptors are used to identify the species of plants based on the image of their leaves. A large number of samples are examined, being 606 leaf samples of 50 species from Brazilian flora. The results are compared to other imaging methods in the literature and demonstrate that fractal descriptors are precise and reliable in the taxonomic process of plant species identification.
Dentro de la linea de Ecolocacion Humana, uno de los proyectos en curso esta permitiendo abordar un tema con escaso desarrollo: las claves dinamicas involucradas en audicion espacial. Especificamente, se estan caracterizando los movimientos de cabeza que realizan participantes con y sin discapacidad sensorial en pruebas donde deben localizar sonidos directos y reflejados y obstaculos reales sin claves visuales. Hasta el presente, los resultados obtenidos -por participantes sin discapacidad en pruebas de localizacion de sonidos directos y reflejados (Arias y otros, 2007; Arias y otros, 2007) y por participantes con y sin entrenamiento en audicion espacial (Bermejo y otros, 2007)- tomados en conjunto, apuntan en la misma direccion que los informados en la literatura, la respuesta de movimiento de cabeza (RMC) es una respuesta motora precisa para localizar fuentes sonoras. En este trabajo exponemos las diferencias cualitativas observadas en los patrones de RMC de participantes entrenados y no entrenados cuando localizan sonidos directos. Los resultados revelaron que: a- los patrones de RMC reflejaron dos estrategias para resolver la tarea; b- la mayoria de los sujetos entrenados utilizo la mas precisa y consistente; c- estos sujetos mostraron menor discrepancia entre la distancia total recorrida por la cabeza y la distancia ideal.
Palabras clave
Localizacion Cabeza Audicion Entrenamiento
ABSTRACT
QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED PARTICIPANTS IN SOUND LOCALIZATION We are involved in a research program on Human Echolocation. The main aim of one of our ongoing project is to study the dynamics cues involved in spatial hearing. Specifically, we are interested to describe the head movements that participants with and without sensory handicap realize in tests, when must localize direct and reflected sounds and real obstacles without visual cues. Up to the present, the results obtained - for participants without handicap in auditory localization tests of direct and reflected sounds (Arias et al., 2007; Arias et al., 2007) and for participants with and without training in spatial hearing (Bermejo et al., 2007) - taken as a whole, are in good agreement with those reported in the literature, the head movement response (RMC) is a accurate response to localize sound sources. In this work we expose the qualitative differences observed in the RMC patterns of trained and untrained participants when they localize direct sounds. The results revealed that: a- the RMC patterns reflect two strategies to solve the task; b - the majority of the trained subjects used the most precise and consistent strategy; c - these subjects showed less discrepancy among the total distance traveled by the head and the ideal distance.
Key words
Localization Head Hearing Training
Nuestro programa de investigacion trata sobre ecolocacion humana, habilidad crucial para la persona ciega. Importante ejemplo de accion-percepcion que implica utilizar sonidos autoproducidos para localizar y reconocer objetos que no se ven. Uno de los proyectos en curso nos esta permitiendo estudiar aspectos dinamicos de la localizacion sonora y la ecolocacion. Estamos analizando a) la habilidad del participante para girar la cabeza y enfrentar una fuente sonora activa en plano azimutal disponiendo solo de informacion auditiva y b) principales caracteristicas de esos movimientos de cabeza. Participan del estudio adultos con y sin discapacidad sensorial (ceguera o hipoacusia unilateral) en tres pruebas: 1) localizacion de sonidos directos, 2) de sonidos reflejados (efecto precedente) y 3) prueba de ecolocacion con objetos reales. En esta ponencia presentamos resultados obtenidos por participantes sin discapacidad sensorial en la primera prueba. Los resultados, en general, apuntan en la misma direccion que los que se reportan en la escasa literatura existente en la tematica y en los estudios de localizacion con tareas convencionales.
Palabras clave
Movimientos Cabeza Localizacion Sonora
ABSTRACT
HEAD MOVEMENTS AND THE LOCALIZATION OF DIRECT SOUNDS We are involved in an interdisciplinary research program on human echolocation -an important example of perceptionaction capability that is crucial for the blind person. It is defined as the ability to use selfgenerated sounds with the specific purpose for obtaining spatial information from environment. The main aim of one of our ongoing project is to study dinamic aspects in sound localization and echolocation. We are analyzing a) the ability of listeners to turn the head and face an active sound source in the azimuth when only auditive information is available, and b) principal features of their head movement response. Adults with and without sensorial handicap (blindness or severe unilateral hearing loss) are participating in three experiments: 1) direct sound localization, 2) reflected sound localization (precedence effect) and 3) echolocation (real objects). In this paper we present results obtained by participants without sensorial handicap in the first experiment. In general, our results are in good agreement with those reported in the scarce literature of this topic and with those obtained with more conventional localization tasks.
Key words
Head Movements Sound Localization
This work proposes an analytical method to identify plant species based on microscopy images of the midrib cross-section of leaves. Unlike previous shape-based approaches based on the individual shape of external contours and cells, an architectural analysis is proposed, where the midrib is semi-automatically segmented and partitioned into histologically relevant structures composed of layers of cells and vascular structures. Using a sequence of morphological operations, a set of geometrical measures from the cells in each layer is extracted to produce a vector of features for species categorization. The method applied to a database containing 10 species of plants from the Brazilian flora achieved a success rate of 91.7%, outperforming other classical shape-based approaches published in the literature.