The objective of this work is to carry out an ethnopharmacological survey of the medicinal flora of the Bamboutos department in the West Cameroon region. More precisely, plants were collected in 16 groups of the Bamboutos department. These collected plants were identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon. The survey methodologies used were: field evolution, comparative study and interview of traditional practitioners, herbalists and other elderly people using a questionnaire. The interview was conducted with 26 traditional healers. At the end of this survey, 167 plants in 58 families were identified. Asteraceae 30%, Acanthaceae 16% and Solanaceae 14% were the most represented. Of the 167 plants collected, 69 came from the Mbouda Sub-Division, 46 from Batcham, 29 from Babadjou and 23 from Galim. Specifically in the following villages: Bamesingué 16, Babeté 8, Bamesso 8, Bamendjida 18, Bamenkobo 12, Bafunda 7, Bamendjio 18, Batcham 17, Bamoughong 4, Bagang 7, Bagam 5, Bati 9, Bamenyam 9, Balatchi 9, Bamendjin 8, Babadjou 12. The pathologies encountered were general pathologies (19%), gynaecological-obstetrical pathologies (16%), otorhinolaryngological pathologies (13%) and nervous system pathologies (12%). Fungal and parasitic pathologies 10%. Concerning the mode of preparation, decoction 45%, infusion 25% were the most solicited and the leaves 45%, the roots 11%, the whole plant 11%, were the most used parts in the preparations. This work will enable us to envisage the development of Improved Traditional Medicines (ITM) in the short term.
Ocular inflammation is one of the most common symptom of eye disorders and diseases. The therapeutic management of this inflammation must be rapid and effective in order to avoid deleterious effects for the eye and the vision. Steroidal (SAID) and non-steroidal (NSAID) anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressive agents have been shown to be effective in treating inflammation of the ocular surface of the eye by topical administration. However, it is well established that the anatomical and physiological ocular barriers are limiting factors for drug penetration. In addition, such drugs are generally characterized by a very low aqueous solubility, resulting in low bioavailability as only 1% to 5% of the applied drug permeates the cornea. The present review gives an updated insight on the conventional formulations used in the treatment of ocular inflammation, i.e., ointments, eye drops, solutions, suspensions, gels, and emulsions, based on the commercial products available on the US, European, and French markets. Additionally, sophisticated formulations and innovative ocular drug delivery systems will be discussed. Promising results are presented with micro- and nanoparticulated systems, or combined strategies with polymers and colloidal systems, which offer a synergy in bioavailability and sustained release. Finally, different tools allowing the physical characterization of all these delivery systems, as well as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluations, will be considered with regards to the safety, the tolerance, and the efficiency of the drug products.
Amylose, a mostly linear homopolymer of glucosyl units extracted from native starch granules, can form a large variety of so-called V-type host–guest complexes when cocrystallized with small hydrophobic molecules. Several allomorphs are known that contain six-, seven-, or eight-fold amylose single helices, the guest molecules being located in the helices, in-between, or both. The present report describes the crystal structure of model lamellar inclusion complexes prepared by crystallizing amylose from dilute aqueous solutions in the presence of three aromatic compounds, namely, napth-1-ol, salicylic acid, and quinoline. By adequately selecting the crystallization conditions (amylose chain length, mixing, and crystallization temperatures), each guest induced two allomorphs, characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, and 13C CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy data. The three guests induced the formation of the tetragonal V8II allomorph, based on eightfold amylose single helices, whereas three other allomorphs were identified for the first time: V7III (with napht-1-ol) and V7IV (with quinoline), both based on orthorhombic unit cells containing sevenfold helices, and the monoclinic V8III (with salicylic acid). The results widen the family of known V-amylose allomorphs that may occur when starch is processed in the presence of various ingredients and additives.
Selective chemical functionalization of cyclodextrins (CDs) is a readily amenable methodology to produce amphiphilic macromolecules endowed with modulable self-organizing capabilities. Herein, the synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic CD derivatives, with a "skirt-type" architecture, that incorporate long-chain fatty esters at the secondary hydroxyl rim and a variety of chemical functionalities (e. g. iodo, bromo, azido, cysteaminyl or isothiocyanato) at the primary hydroxyls rim is reported. Nanoprecipitation of the new CD facial amphiphiles, or binary mixtures of them, resulted in nanoparticles with average hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 100 to 240 nm that were stable in suspension for several months. The precise size, zeta potential and topology of the nanoparticles are intimately dependent on the functionalization pattern at the CD scaffold. Highly efficient molecular encapsulation capabilities of poorly bioavailable drugs such as diazepam (DZ) were demonstrated for certain derivatives, the drug release profile being dependent on the type of formulation (nanospheres or nanocapsules). The efficiency and versatility of the synthetic strategy, together with the possibility of exploiting the reactivity of the functional groups at the nanoparticle surface, offer excellent opportunities to further manipulate the carrier capabilities of this series of amphiphilic CDs from a bottom-up approach. Keywords: Cyclodextrins, controlled drug release, drug delivery, facial amphiphiles, nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, self-assembly, Nanoprecipitation, amphiphiles
the aim of the study was to investigate size control of amphiphilic beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles obtained by solvent displacement technique.An experimental design methodology for mixture design was undertaken using D-optimal approach with the following technique variables: water fraction X1 (40-70% v/v), acetone fraction X2 (0-60% v/v) and ethanol fraction X3 (0-60% v/v).The resulting quadratic model obtained after logarithmic transformation of data and partial least-square regression was statistically validated and experimentally checked. Also, the morphology of the colloidal nanoparticles from selected experiments was observed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy.This experimental design approach allowed to produce interesting amphiphilic beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles with a predicted mean size varying from 60 to 400 nm.
Introduction: the present study conducted in Cameroon from June 2013 to February 2014 aimed to estimating the level of pharmacovigilance knowledge and practice of health professionals in Cameroon.
'%3e%3cg id='b'%3e%3cpath id='a' d='M0-8v8h4z' transform='rotate(18 0 -8)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(72)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(144)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(216)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(288)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)