Ninety-six pigs (initially 13.8 lb.) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the interactive effects between pelleting and particle size on Salmonella serovar Typhimurium shedding and colonization in a young growing pig model. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of meal or pelleted diets with fine or coarse ground corn. Pigs were fed the diets 1 wk pre-salmonella inoculation and allotted based on weight to one of four dietary treatments. For the main effect of particle size, pigs fed finer ground corn had significantly improved feed efficiency (P<0.01) than pigs fed coarser ground corn for the 28 d trial. Pigs fed meal diets had greater ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G (P<0.05) than the pigs fed pelleted diets. Fecal shedding of salmonella was low and variable, with no significant differences between main effects (P<0.26) or in treatments (P>0.82). There was no difference in salmonella infection rates of mesenteric lymph nodes obtained on d 28 between treatments or main effects. Finer grinding and meal diets generally improved growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency compared to pigs fed coarser ground or pelleted feeds. However, particle size or diet form did not alter fecal shedding or mesenteric lymph node infection rates of salmonella organisms in our study.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003
Three experiments were conducted using 486 weanling pigs (216 in Experiment 1; 210 in Experiment 2; 60 in Experiment 3) to determine the effects of different soy protein concentrate (SPC) sources on growth performance. Soy protein concentrate source 1 is dried with a torus disk following the concentration of soy proteins. This drying procedure will generate some degree of heat and possibly mechanical forces somewhat similar to extrusion processing (Soycomil P®, ADM). Soy protein concentrate source 2 is dried by a different process, and then it is moist extruded (Profine E, Central Soya). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relative feeding value of the different SPC sources compared with a complex diet containing milk and other specialty proteins (no soy protein), or a diet containing 40% soybean meal. In Experiment 1, each SPC source (28.6%) replaced all the soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet on a lysine basis. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM had similar performance to pigs fed the milk-protein based diet from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed either SPC source had lower ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed either the diet containing 40% SBM or the milkprotein based diet. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM and SPC from source 2 had better F/G than pigs fed the milk-protein based diet or SPC from source 1. In Experiment 2, either all or half of the soybean meal was replaced by the 28.6 or 14.3% SPC from source 1 and 2. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, an SPC source by level interaction was observed for ADG (P<0.01) and ADFI (P<0.07). Replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 1 did not influence pig performance. However, replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 2 resulted in a quadratic (P<0.05) improvement in ADG with performance being improved for the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but no benefit to replacing all the soybean meal with SPC. Replacing soybean meal with SPC from either source influenced feed efficiency in a quadratic (P<0.01) manner with feed efficiency being optimal for pigs consuming the diet with half the soybean meal replaced by SPC. Because replacing all of the soybean meal with SPC reduced ADFI in Experiments 1 and 2, we hypothesized that pigs may not prefer the taste of a diet with a high inclusion rate of SPC (28.6%). To test this theory, a 7-day preference test was conducted to determine feed intake of weanling pigs provided the option of consuming diets containing either 40% soybean meal or 28.6% SPC (from source 2). Average daily feed intake was 0.41 and 0.01 lb for the 40% soybean meal and 28.6% soy protein concentrate diets, respectively (P<0.0001). The poor intake of the SPC diet may indicate a palatability problem when high levels of SPC are included in the diet. Our results suggest replacing a portion of the soybean meal in the diet with SPC from source 2 improves ADG and feed efficiency; however, high levels (28.6%) of SPC should not be included in the diet.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003
A total of 336 pigs were used in a 21-day trial to determine the effect of Paylean (9.0 g/ton Ractopamine·HCl) on finishing pig growth and variation. Pigs were allotted based on weight so that all pens had the same initial weight and degree of variation within the pen. Pigs fed Paylean had greater ADG and better feed efficiency than control-fed pigs (P<0.05). However, no differences in pen coefficient of variation were observed (P>0.70). The results suggest that adding Paylean to the diet improves finishing pig growth performance but does not affect weight variation within the pen.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002
A total of 360 pigs (initially 22.2 lb and 31 d of age) was used in a 21-d growth assay. This trial was conducted as a combination of two separate trials in order to simultaneously examine both the true ileal digestible lysine and true ileal digestible threonine requirement and determine the appropriate threonine:lysine ratio. The first part of the trial consisted of five treatments with increasing dietary lysine (1.0. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4% true digestible lysine). The second part consisted of five treatments with increasing dietary threonine (0.66, 0.72, 0.78, 0.84 and 0.91% true ileal digestible threonine). The highest level of both lysine and threonine (1.4% and 0.91% respectively) served as a positive control, and this diet was combined as one treatment to give a total of nine treatments. Average daily gain increased to 1.3% true ileal digestible lysine, and then plateaued, while ADG increased to 0.78% true ileal digestible threonine, suggesting a threonine:lysine ratio of 60% for ADG. Increasing dietary lysine improved F/G linearly through 1.4% true ileal digestible lysine, while F/G improved up to a level of 0.84% true ileal digestible threonine. Using a level of 1.4% true ileal digestible lysine, a threonine:lysine ratio of approximately 60% is implicated for F/G. Amino acid and plasma urea N values were measured on d 10 of the trial. Plasma lysine concentrations were maintained steadily as the true ileal digestible lysine level increased, with a slight increase in plasma lysine concentration observed as the true ileal digestible lysine level increased from 1.3% to 1.4%. A linear increase (P<.0001) in plasma threonine concentration was observed as true ileal digestible threonine increased from 0.66% to 0.91%. Plasma urea N decreased linearly (P<0.0003) with increasing true ileal digestible lysine. As true ileal digestible threonine increased, there was no difference seen in plasma urea N concentration. Following analysis of the data, a true ileal digestible threonine to lysine ratio of 60% is suggested. A second study is in progress where the higher true digestible lysine level of 1.5% is used to verify trial results.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003
Eighty-five pigs (initially 12.9 lb and 15 ±1 d of age) were used in two 28-d trials to determine the effects of the probiotics BioPlus 2B (a bacillus-based product from Chr. Hansen BioSystems), a source of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, and Levucell SB (an active dry yeast product from Lallemand Animal Nutrition), a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) product that is a source of mannanoligosaccharides on growth and performance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium shedding in a young growing pig model. Pigs were fed one of five dietary treatments: 1) A control diet containing no probiotics or antibiotics; 2) the control diet with carbadox (50 g/ton); 3) the control diet with Bio-Plus 2B (0.05% of the diet); 4) the control diet with Levucell SB (100 g/ton); 5) the control diet with Bioplus 2B (0.05% of the diet) and Levucell SB (100 g/ton). Diets did not contain growth promoting levels of zinc oxide or copper sulfate. Significant differences in the two trials were seen, with the second trial having 0.1 lb/d greater growth and .18 lb/d greater feed intake than the first trial. In trial 1, pigs fed the control diet and Bioplus 2B had greater gains and feed intakes (P<0.05 and P<0.02 respectively) than those fed carbadox. In trial two, pigs fed carbadox had better performance than those fed the control and combination diets, with the BioPlus 2B and Levucell SB treatments having intermediate growth and feed intake. Fecal shedding rates of salmonella were not different (P>0.10) between diets. Results indicate that within an environment where enteric disease may be active, BioPlus 2B and Levucell SB may provide growth enhancement over a diet devoid of antimicrobials.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003
We used 144 growing-finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts; initially 85 lb) to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio on growth performance. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and nine pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in three phases. In each phase, diets consisted of a 1:1; 1.25:1; 1.5:1, and 2:1 Ca:P ratio. Diets were formulated to contain 0.44%, 0.39%, and 0.34% phosphorus from 70 to 130, 130 to 190, and 190 to 250 lb, respectively. All diets contained 0.05% phytase, providing 300 FTU/kg of feed. For the overall experiment, increasing Ca:P ratio decreased ADG (quadratic P<0.03) and ADFI (linear P<0.05). However, the greatest decrease in ADG and ADFI was observed when Ca:P increased from 1.5:1 to 2:1. Feed to gain was not affected by Ca:P ratio. These results suggest that in growing-finishing diets containing 300 FTU/kg phytase, a Ca:P ratio greater then 1.5:1 will decrease ADG and ADFI.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002
A total of 440 weanling pigs (initially 14.3 lb) were used in two studies to evaluate the effects of increasing wheat gluten (WG) and spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of early weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, the six dietary treatments included a negative control, containing no wheat gluten or animal plasma, the control diet containing either 3, 6, 9, or 12% lightly modified spray-dried wheat gluten, and a positive control diet containing 5% spray-dried animal plasma. The diets containing 9% WG and 5% SDAP had the same amount of soybean meal to make a direct comparison of the two protein sources. From d 0 to 7, 7 to 14, and 0 to 14, increasing wheat gluten had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed 5% SDAP had greater ADG than pigs fed the diet containing 9% WG but similar ADG to pigs fed the negative control. For the common period, d 14 to 28, a quadratic (P<0.01) response was observed for feed efficiency with F/G becoming poorer as wheat gluten was added up to 9% then improving as wheat gluten increased up to 12%. In Exp. 2, the five dietary treatments included a negative control, which contained no SDAP or WG, or the control diet with 4.5% and 9% WG, or 2.5% and 5% SDAP. The wheat gluten source used was different than in Exp. 1 and was enzymatically hydrolyzed. The diets containing 4.5% and 9% wheat gluten contained the same amount of soybean meal as the diets with 2.5% and 5% SDAP, respectively. From d 0 to 7 and 0 to 14, increasing SDAP increased (P<0.04) ADG. Increasing WG had no effect. There were no differences found in ADG from d 7 to 14 and no differences found in feed intake from d 0 to 7. No differences (P<0.05) were found in feed efficiency. During the common period, d 14 to 35, no differences were found in ADG and ADFI. Pigs previously fed the diets containing 2.5% and 5% SDAP had (P<0.05) the best feed efficiency with the pigs previously fed the control having the worst. The pigs fed the diets containing 4.5% WG and 9% WG were intermediate in efficiency. These results suggest that increasing WG in diets fed immediately after weaning produced no improvement in growth performance relative to SDAP.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002
A total of 170 weanling pigs (initially 16.4 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of alternative protein sources on growth performance of pigs fed from d 5 to 26 after weaning. All pigs were fed a common diet from weaning to d 5. The five dietary treatments were cornsoybean meal-based and included a control diet containing 10% dried whey, or the control diet with 5% select menhaden fish meal, 2.5% spray-dried blood cells, 3.73% enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat gluten (Source 1), or 3.51% flash-dried wheat gluten (Source 2). No differences were observed in overall ADG and ADFI; however, pigs fed the diets containing 2.5% blood cells or 5% select menhaden fish meal numerically had the best overall ADG compared to pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed either wheat gluten sources having intermediate growth. Feed efficiency was improved for pigs fed 5% select menhaden fish meal compared with those fed the control diet, and pigs fed the other diets were intermediate. There were no differences (P<0.05) in ADG, ADFI, or F/G between wheat gluten sources.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002
A total of 144 finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts, initially 85 lb) were used to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in diets containing phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone ash percentage. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and six pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in three phases. In each phase, diets consisted of a 0.75:1; 1:1; 1.25:1; 1.5:1, and 2:1 Ca:P ratio. A sixth treatment group was a diet containing 77% of the total P as the other treatment diets. Diets were formulated to contain 0.44%, 0.39%, and 0.34% total phosphorus and 0.15%, 0.12%, and 0.07% available phosphorus from d 0 to 28, 28 to 57, and 57 to 76, respectively. All diets contained 0.05% phytase, providing 300 FTU/kg in order to achieve equivalent available phosphorus values of 0.23%, 0.19%, and 0.15%. For the overall experiment, increasing Ca:P ratio decreased (linear, P<0.03) ADG and F/G. However, the greatest decrease in ADG and F/G was observed when Ca:P ratio increased from 1.5:1 to 2:1. Daily feed intake was not affected by Ca:P ratio. There was no difference in backfat thickness for pigs fed Ca:P ratios between 0.75:1 and 2.0:1 (P<0.17). However, pigs fed the negative control diet had reduced backfat thickness (P<0.05) compared to the other pigs. Bone ash percentage was not affected (P<0.23) by Ca:P ratio. These results suggest that in finishing diets containing 300 FTU/kg phytase, a Ca:P ratio greater then 1.5:1 will decrease ADG and ADFI.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003
