Nelly Mendoza Loayza

Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales

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Jairo Méndez‐Rico

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas

Joel M. Montgomery

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Shannon Whitmer

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Jason H. Malenfant

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Trevor Shoemaker

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Maria Morales-Betoulle

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Caitlin M. Cossaboom

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Joel Alejandro Chuquimia Valdez

Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales

Roxana Loayza Mafayle

Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales

John D. Klena

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales

Ministerio de Salud

The Centers

Yale University

Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz

Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital

University of Pretoria

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Rio Negro Virus Infection, Bolivia, 2021

Emerging infectious diseases (2023)

Roxana Loayza Mafayle Maria Morales-Betoulle Shannon Whitmer Caitlin M. Cossaboom Jimmy Revollo

In May 2021, an agricultural worker originally from Trementinal, Argentina, sought treatment for febrile illness in Tarija, Bolivia, where he resided at the time of illness onset. The patient tested negative for hantavirus RNA, but next-generation sequencing of a serum sample yielded a complete genome for Rio Negro virus.

Hantavirus Infection

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

10.3201/eid2908.221885

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Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever and Virus Detection in Rodents in Bolivia in 2019

New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Roxana Loayza Mafayle Maria Morales-Betoulle Carla Romero Caitlin M. Cossaboom Shannon Whitmer

In June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown.We obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation.Nine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as Mammarenavirus Chapare mammarenavirus, or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys microtis). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset.M. Chapare mammarenavirus was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, O. microtis. (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.).

Christian ministry

10.1056/nejmoa2110339

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Genomic characterization, origin and local transmission of Oropouche Virus in Bolivia in 2024

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2024)

Joel Alejandro Chuquimia Valdez Ighor Arantes Sebastián Sasías Martínez Cleidy Orellana Mendoza Nelly Mendoza Loayza

Background: The Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arthropod-borne virus that causes an acute febrile illness similar to other arboviral diseases. In 2024, Oropouche cases sharply increased in several countries of the Americas, including Bolivia. Here, we performed a genomic study to investigate the origin and spread of OROV in the Bolivian Amazon region. Methods: Full-length OROV genomes from 34 positive samples collected in the three affected Bolivian departments during 2024 were sequenced using an amplicon-based approach. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses of separate viral segments were conducted to identify the responsible viral lineage. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis of concatenated viral segments was used to reconstruct the viral spatiotemporal dispersion pattern within the country. Findings: Epidemiological data shows that the first OROV-positive cases in 2024 in Bolivia were reported in samples collected from the Pando department during mid-January, and the peak of OROV-positive cases occurred in mid-April. The phylogenetic analysis of OROV genomes revealed that all cases detected in Bolivia belong to the novel reassortant OROV clade that drove the recent epidemic in Brazil. Our phylogeographic analysis detected at least two exportation events of OROV from the Brazilian state of Acre to the Bolivian municipalities of Guayaramerin and Riberalta, both located in the Beni department, with subsequent dissemination to municipalities of Pando and La Paz departments. Viral introductions probably occurred between early October and early November 2023, thus indicating a lag of about three months between OROV introduction and detection in Bolivia. Interpretation: Our findings confirm that OROV spread at least twice from the western Brazilian Amazon to the neighboring Bolivian department of Beni in late 2023, successfully establishing regional transmission chains. The introduction and spread of OROV in Bolivia coincides with the Amazonian rainy season, from November to April, a period likely marked by an increase in vector abundance. These findings underscore the critical need for active OROV surveillance across the cross-border Amazonian region between Brazil and Bolivia. They also confirm the potential for sustained OROV transmission within the Bolivian Amazon, highlighting the importance of preparedness for future outbreaks.

Molecular Epidemiology

Orthobunyavirus

10.1101/2024.12.23.24319382

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