Abstract The aim of the present study was to report the primary gross and microscopic lesions, as well as etiological agents of field cases of pneumoenteritis in neonate and juvenile calves. The research was done with 370 calves from 6 cattle farms in 4 regions of the country. The age of the animals was from 24 hours to 25 days. Clinical and epidemiological studies were carried out with newborn and growing calves in all farms. For rapid antigenic and viral detection of pathogens, Rainbow calf scour 5 BIO K 306 Detection of Rota, Corona, E.coli F5, Crypto and Clostridium perf . in bovine stool (BIOX Diagnostics, Belgium), and Monoclonal Antibody anti-bovine Coronavirus FITC conjugated) 0,5 ml (20X), BIO 023, (BIOX Diagnostics, Belgium) were used. Eighteen carcasses of calves with signs of pneumoenteritis syndrome (PES) were submitted to gross anatomy and histopathological studies. Bovine coronavirus ( BCoV) was the main etiological agent involved in calf pneumoenteritis. The macro- and micro lesions in the lung and the ileum of calves affected by PES are relevant with regard to the differential diagnosis of the syndrome and its differentiation from respiratory ( IBR, BVD, BRSV, M. haemolytica etc.) and intestinal ( Cryptosporidium parvum , bovine rotaviruses, bovine coronaviruses and Escherichia coli K99 (F5 ) diseases in this category of animals.
also analyzed with the Directigen™ Flu A test based on detection of viral proteins with specific monoclonal antibodies. With this test, virus was detected in the same inoculated birds (5 turkey hens and one chicken) but the relative sensitivity to the virus re-isolation method remained moderate: 53.3% whatever the nature of samples, 50.0% and 66.7% for cloacal and oropharyngeal samples respectively, the number of positive samples for the 2 methods decreasing when they were collected after the 5 th day post-infection. All negative samples for virus re-isolation gave also negative results for viral antigen detection, except one: the relative specificity was 99.5%. The agreement score between the 2 methods was 95.6% (ranging from 92.1% to 98.4% according to the population of birds and to the nature of samples). These results suggest that the Directigen™ Flu A test may be useful in poultry, particularly for confirming the absence of influenza infection.
A review on the literature on canine leishmaniasis is performed. The newest contributions to the etiology, epizootology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostics, therapy and prevention of the disease are emphasized. A lot of data are cited, mainly focused on the epidemiology and epizootology of the disease in Bulgaria.
A serologic survey was carried out to detect the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis antibodies among privately-owned dogs in the counties of Varna, Silistra, Ruse, Montana, Veliko Tarnovo and Pleven of northern Bulgaria. A total of 120 serum samples were IFA tested for anti-Ehrlichia canis IgG antibodies. A mean seroprevalence rate of 37.5% was recorded with Varna county showing the highest value (60%) followed by Silistra (55%), Ruse (30%), Montana (30%), Veliko Tarnovo (25%) and Pleven (25%) counties. These results clearly show that dogs residing in northern Bulgaria are highly exposed to E. canis.
Clinical and pathoanatomical studies were carried out on thirty 28-day old Mullary ducklings infected intravenously, tracheally and orally with an isolate of avian influenza A virus H6N2 obtained from wild ducks Anas plathyrynchos. With the objective to elucidate the pathogenesis of the isolate for this species, we determined and studied all the possible clinical findings and pathoanatomical lesions in ducklings under conditions of experimental viremia. The avian influenza A virus H6N2 isolate caused disturbances in body development and feathering, well demarcated pathoanatomical changes in the thymus and heart without a fatal terminal episode. Get together these results and the references from experiments with ducks inoculated with various isolates of type A influenza show that the different localization of lesions corresponds to the tissue tropism of the specific viral strain.
Etiological, clinical, and epizootiological studies were carried out with newborn calves on two cow complexes of 500 animals each, raised under industrial conditions. Virologic and bacteriologic investigations of a total of 300 fecal samples taken from both calves and dams on the day of calving up to the 10th day as well as on the 20th and 30th day revealed that in 90 per cent of the cases there were rotaviruses. With calves that remained with the cows up to the 72nd hour 30 to 50 per cent of the rotaviruses were found from the second to the tenth day, and with calves that were separated from their dams immediately after calving rotaviruses were found at more advanced age too. Bacteriologically, as many as 92 strains of Escherichia coli were established as isolated from the fecal samples studied. Antigen K99 was demonstrated with 3.26 per cent of the strains. It was concluded that both with regard to the numbers of the E. coli strains isolated and to the period during which these were found the bacterium prevailed in calves that did not suck directly from their dams in the first days following calving.
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