Peripheral-muscle-fractional-oxygen-extraction (pFOE) and peripheral-muscle-fractional-tissue-oxygen-extraction (pFTOE) are often equated, since both parameters are measured with near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) and estimate oxygen extraction in the tissue. The aim was to investigate the comparability of both parameters and their potential regarding detection of impaired microcirculation.Term and preterm neonates with NIRS measurements of upper (UE) and lower extremities (LE) were included. pFOE was calculated out of peripheral-muscle-mixed-venous-saturation (pSvO2), measured with NIRS and venous occlusion, and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). pFTOE was calculated out of peripheral-muscle-tissue-oxygen-saturation and SpO2. Both parameters were compared using Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank-test and Bland-Altman plots.341 NIRS measurements were included. pFOE was significantly higher than pFTOE in both locations. Bland-Altman plots revealed limited comparability, especially with increasing oxygen extraction with higher values of pFOE compared to pFTOE.The higher pFOE compared to pFTOE suggests a higher potential of pFOE to detect impaired microcirculation, especially when oxygen extraction is elevated.
<p>High alpine areas are affected disproportionately by global warming and are thus found to be in a transient state. This causes accelerating glacial retreat, which can have severe impacts on discharge and potentially sediment dynamics. Possible effects include changes in water quantities and hydrograph timing as well as changing sediment source areas and the associated magnitude and timing of transport capacities. In turn, the resulting changes in water and sediment supplies and timing have the potential to severely impact downstream ecosystems and infrastructure.</p><p>An essential step towards estimating the effects of future changes and developing sustainable management strategies is to quantify the behavior in the past and present. We therefore used the excellent data availability of discharge and suspended sediment concentrations in our study area in the upper &#214;tztal in Tyrol, Austria, to make such an assessment. We study discharge and suspended sediment concentrations, which have been monitored at three gauges and for a minimum of seven years in the case of the youngest gauge. The resulting nested catchment setup, with catchment sizes ranging between 98 km&#178; and 785 km&#178;, allows us to learn about discharge and sediment fluxes and their spatial distribution, thus allowing us to quantify the relative importance of the glaciated areas as compared to the lower-lying catchment areas. It also allows us to study the temporal dynamics, such as the seasonal timing of the peaks and their interannual differences. In turn, the nested catchments allows us to investigate the spatial variability of these temporal dynamics. &#160;</p><p>The results confirm the high specific sediment yields for alpine catchments in the order of 10&#179; t/km&#178; per year and higher yields in areas with higher glacier cover as well as a very pronounced seasonality.</p>
Multimodality is the key term denoting that two or more modes are combined for communicative aims. Contributions to multimodal theory have come from gestalt theory, perception research, social semiotics, linguistics, and media research. The current state of research assumes that multimodality constitutes our natural state of face‐to‐face communication and thus is also a universal feature of mediated communication. Given the ubiquity of multimodality nowadays in interpersonal and public communication related to health and illness, these issues become increasingly important also for the study of health communication. Since various modes (images in particular but also sound and gesture) are an influential means of shaping health‐related attitudes and behavior, the analytic perspective offered by multimodal approaches is relevant for health communication on a theoretical, methodological, and practical level. In many cases, this involves a shift from exclusively language‐centered approaches to a holistic view of the creation, use, and distribution of semiotic resources. For this holistic view, health communication needs interdisciplinary exchange.
Object-related and multimodal forms of persuasion. The case of “Taferln” small cardboard signs in Austrian TV election debatesAustrian TV debates are held as roundtable talks with little formal rules, in particular the use of documents and objects brought along is not prohibited. This paper deals with the persuasive use and situated history of “Taferln” small cardboard signs during the 15 one-on-one encounters produced live by the Austrian public service broadcaster ORF before the general election in 2013. The video data were coded in terms of object use, relevant sections further transcribed and evaluated in conjunction with the journalistic picture direction and camera work. The findings show that politicians employed “Taferln” in 12 broadcasts, usually to be seen in close-up on the TV screen, suggesting that “Taferln” are an established means in Austrian political discourse to argue and persuade. The qualitative analysis describes in detail how “Taferln” provide communicative benefits in the conversational situation: how “Taferln” can be used to refute statements of the counter party, how conversational roles are performatively constituted based on object use, and how affordances of the material objects are strategically exploited for persuasive action.
The aim was to define reference ranges for cerebral oxygen saturation (crSO2-ROOT) during immediate transition after birth in stable neonates. In a prospective observational study, the crSO2-ROOT was continuously measured in neonates during the first 15 min after birth. The neonatal sensor was placed on the head and fixed with a bandage. Median values and 10th and 90th centiles were calculated for each minute. Additionally, cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE-ROOT) was calculated using crSO2-ROOT and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured with pulse oximetry. These crSO-ROOT values were compared with already published reference ranges of cerebral oxygen saturation measured using different devices: crSO2-INVOS and cTOI-NIRO. The data of 122 neonates (14 preterm/108 term neonates) were analysed. The crSO2-ROOT values had a similar course when compared to cTOI-NIRO values, whereas crSO2-INVOS values were initially lower and exceeded during the first minutes after birth. The present observational study added reference ranges of crSO2-ROOT in stable neonates immediately after birth. As there are differences regarding reference ranges of various near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices, it is important to be aware of this information for future clinical use.
