In the present work, asphaltenes and resins separated from emulsion samples collected from two Iraqi oil wells, Nafut Kana (Nk) and Basrah were used to study the emulsion stability. The effect of oil resins to asphaltene (R/A) ratio, pH of the aqueous phase, addition of paraffinic solvent (n-heptane), aromatic solvent (toluene), and blend of both (heptol) in various proportions on the stability of emulsions had been investigated. The conditions of experiments were specified as an agitation speed of 1000 rpm for 30 minutes, heating at 50 °C, and water content of 30%. The results showed that as the R/A ratio increases, the emulsion will be unstable and the amount of water separated from emulsion increases. It was noticed that the emulsion of Nk crude oil became more stable at basic pH range, and reached to completely stabilized emulsion at pH=12. Whereas Basrah emulsion was stable in both acidic and basic pH ranges. Results indicated that toluene gave a good solubility for asphaltene, and a higher water separation for both crude oil emulsions.
A mathematical model to determine the kinetic constants that characterize the coalescence in the emulsions was also developed.
Cd-Pb thin films were electrodeposited from a diluted chloride solution using stainless steel rotating disc electrode. The linear sweep voltammograms of the single metallic ions show that electrodeposition of these ions was mass transfer control due to the plateau observed for different rotations at concentration (50 and 200 ppm). The voltammograms of binary system elucidate that electrodeposition process always start at cathodic potential located between the potential of individual metals. Currents transients measurements, anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the electrocryatalization process and morphology of thin films. ALSV profiles show a differentiation for the dissolution process of individual metals and binary system. Two peaks of dissolution Cd-Pb film were observed for the binary system with different metal ion concentration ratios. The model of Scharifker and Hills was used to analyze the current transients and it revealed that Cd-Pb electrocrystalization processes at low concentration is governed by three â dimensional progressive nucleation controlled by diffusion, while at higher concentration starts as a progressive nucleation then switch to instantaneous nucleation process. AFM images reveal that Cd-Pb film electrodeposited at low concentration is more roughness than Cd-Pb film electrodeposited at high concentrated solution. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Anodic dissolution, Chronoamperometry, Cd-Pb thin film, Electrocrystalization
Two types of adsorbents were used to treat oily wastewater, activated carbon and zeolite. The removal efficiencies of these materials were compared to each other. The results showed that activated carbon performed some better properties in removal of oil. The experimental methods which were employed in this investigation included batch and column studies. The former was used to evaluate the rate and equilibrium of carbon and zeolie adsorption, while the latter was used to determine treatment efficiencies and performance characteristics. Expanded bed adsorber was constructed in the column studies. In this study, the adsorption behavior of vegetable oil (corn oil) onto activated carbon and zeolite was examined as a function of the concentration of the adsorbate, contact time, adsorbent dosage and amount of coagulant salt(calcium sulphate) added . The adsorption data was modeled with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. and it was found that the adsorption process on activated carbon and zeolite fit the Freundlich isotherm model. The amount of oil adsorbed increased with increasing the contact time, but longer mixing duration did not increase residual oil removal from wastewater due to the coverage of the adsorbent surface with oil molecules. It was found that as the dosage of adsorbent increased, the percentage of residual oil removal also increased. The effects of adsorbent type and amount of coagulant salt(calcium sulphate) added on the breakthrough curve were studied in details in the column studies. Expanded bed behavior was modeled using the Richardson-Zaki correlation between the superficial velocity of the feed stream and the void fraction of the bed at moderate Reynolds number.
Expanded bed behavior was modeled by using the Richardson-Zaki correlation between the superficial velocity of the feed stream and the void fraction of the bed at moderate Reynolds number. The terminal velocity expression was developed by introducing two empirical parameters, the effective diameter of the particles and an exponent for the p l l l 2 term. The Richardson-Zaki exponent constant (n) was found to vary with the density ratio p l l and diameter ratio d D p . It was noted that when the density ratio p l l is less than one, there is no dense phase at the bottom of the test section. However, for density ratio p l l greater than unity, there exists accelerating or dense regime at the bottom of the test section.
Cu-Pb, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Zn thin films were electrodeposited from a simulated chloride wastewater solution using stainless steel rotating disc electrode. The linear sweep voltammograms of the single metallic ions show that electrodeposition of these ions was under mass transfer control due to the well- defined plateau observed under different rotations. The voltammograms of binary systems elucidate the possibility of selective separation of copper from these binary systems. Currents transients measurements, anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the electrocryatalization process and morphology of these thin films. ALSV profiles show a differentiation for the dissolution process of individual metals and binary systems. Two peaks of dissolution Cu-Pb film was observed while three and four peaks observed for Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn films respectively indicating different phases have been existed. The model of Scharifker and Hills was used to analyze the current transients and it revealed that Cu-Pb and Cu-Cd electrocrystalization processes are governed by three -dimensional progressive nucleation controlled by diffusion, while Cu-Zn electrocrystallization process starts as a progressive nucleation then switch to instantaneous nucleation process for t/tm>3.AFM images reveal that Cu-Pb film is more roughness than Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn films.
Room temperature ionic liquids show potential as an alternative to conventional organic membrane solvents mainly due to their properties of low vapour pressure, low volatility and they are often stable. In the present work, the technical feasibilities of room temperature ionic liquids as bulk liquid membranes for phenol removal were investigated experimentally. In this research several hydrophobic ionic liquids were synthesized at laboratory. These ionic liquids include (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Bmim][NTf2], 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Hmim][NTf2], 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide[Omim][NTf2],1‐butyl‐1‐methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate[Bmim][PF6],
1‐hexyl‐1‐methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate[Hmim][PF6], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Bmpyr][NTf2], and 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetra fluoroborate[Omim][BF4].
The distribution coefficients for phenol in these ionic liquids were measured at different pH values and found to be much larger than those in conventional solvents. Through the values of the distribution coefficients and the experiments that were conducted on bulk liquid membrane applying various types of prepared ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide was selected as the best ionic liquid which gave the highest extraction and stripping efficiencies.
The effect of several parameters, namely, feed phase pH(2-12), feed concentration(100-1000 ppm), NaOH concentration(0-0.5M), temperature (20-50oC), feed to membrane volume ratio (200-400ml/80ml ionic liquid) and stirring speeds(75-125 rpm) on the performance of the choosen ionic liquid membrane were also studied.
The preliminary study showed that high phenol extraction and stripping efficiencies of 97% and 95% respectively were achieved by ionic liquid membrane with a minimum membrane loss which offers a better choice to organic membrane solvents.
Abstract The separation of hazardous organic acid pollutants such as phenol and carboxylic acids from aqueous waste streams released from industries is important and essential for environmental pollution. Acetic acid, benzoic acid, and phenol individually extracted from their aqueous solutions using emulsion liquid membranes prepared with kerosene as a membrane phase, Span 80 as a surfactant and NaOH as a stripping agent in the inner phase of W/O emulsions. Experiments have been performed to study the effect of volume ratio of membrane phase to internal phase (V M /V I ), stripping phase concentration in the internal phase, agitation speed of feed solution, and volume ratio of emulsion phase to feed phase (V E /V F ) on the organic acid extraction rates. More than 98% of benzoic acid and phenol can be extracted in less than 5 minutes, acetic can also be extracted but at much slower rates. Comparison of the extraction rates of organic acid indicates that benzoic acid and phenol are extracted more rapidly than that of acetic acid because the distribution coefficient (m) of benzoic acid and phenol is much larger than that of acetic acid due to their ability to dissolve in the membrane phase. The effective diffusivities indicate that the mobility of these compounds in the membrane phase obeys the following order: benzoic acid > acetic acid > phenol.
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