Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2–3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
KLANG – Penyelidik Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) dan Persatuan Biochar Malaysia (BMA) mengadakan lawatan ke kilang pengurusan buangan terjadual Tex Cycle (P2) Sdn Bhd (Tex Cycle) di sini untuk meneliti dan mempelajari konsep ‘negatif karbon’ yang dipraktikan oleh syarikat itu.
Infectious reproductive disorders including abortions and metritis are important hurdles towards economic dairy farming.This study was undertaken to determine infectious bacterial causes of metritis and abortions in buffaloes and determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility.Samples of stomach contents of 23 aborted foeti and uterine aspirates of 20 buffaloes suffering from metritis were received for bacteriological analysis from Referral Veterinary Polyclinic and Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis.To identify the causal bacteria standard bacteriological method for isolation and identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility assay of isolates were followed.From 13 cases of abortion only single type of bacteria (Aeromonas media 1, Alcaligenees faecalis 2, Brucella abortus 4, Enterobacter agglomerans 1, Escherichia coli 3, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp.pneumoniae 1, K. varians1) was detected while in 10 samples more than one type of bacteria were isolated.Antibodies in high titres (≥40) were detected in serum samples of 17 aborting buffaloes showing possibility of systemic infection before abortion.Antibodies were detected against A. media (1), A. faecalis (1), B. abortus (4), E. agglomerans (2), Enterobacter amnigenus (1), E. coli (3), K. pneumoniae ssp.pneumoniae(2), Kocuria varians (1), Salmonella enterica ssp.enterica ser Dublin (1) and Xenorhabdus poinarii (1).From uterine aspirates of six animals with metritis single type of bacteria (Acinetobacter lwoffii 3, Aeromonas salmonicida ssp.salmonicida 1, E. coli 1, K. varians 1) was detected while 14 samples had more than one type of bacteria.Irrespective of source, >90% bacterial isolates were susceptible to ajowan oil, cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thyme oil.Tigecycline was one of the most effective antibiotics but for other antibiotics susceptibility varied with source and type of bacteria.A total of 31.58%bacteria associated with metritis were resistant to carbapenems and were more often resistant to other antibiotics (MRI=0.45)than isolates from aborted foetuses (MRI= 0.33).Though B. abortus and E. coli were main causes of abortions, there was no fixed set of bacteria causing metritis and abortions in buffaloes.Multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and carbapenem drug-resistant (CR) bacteria are more often associated with metritis than with abortions.
Sodium deoxycholate (SD), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and Tween 20 detergents in combination with trypsin enzyme are used for the preparation of acellular dermal matrix from pig skin. The decellularization was confirmed by histological examination. The protocol using 2% SDS for 48 h was optimized which resulted in preservation of three-dimensional ultrastructure of ECM which is highly desirable.
Protocol for the development of acellular dermal matrix from rat skin was optimized. The skin was de-epithelialized first by subjecting it to hypertonic solution treatment for different time intervals. Later, the de-epithelialized tissue samples were subjected to five different protocols, viz., hypertonic solution, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium deoxycholate (1% and 2% solution) for different time intervals for decellularizing the tissues. Tissue samples were collected at different time intervals for histological and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Treating the rat skin in hypertonic solution for 8 h resulted in complete de-epithelialization. At 48 h, all the samples treated with different protocols showed complete acellularity with removal of cellular debris. Clinical application and outcome of the final decellularized rat dermal matrix scaffold in the repair of hernias in dogs and horses is also described.
The aim of this study was to examine and compare the toxic effects of endosulfan and ochratoxin-A (OTA), individually and in combination, in adult male rats with respect to histopathological changes over 30 days of treatment.Adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted to four groups (individual treatments, combination and control) of 10 rats each and fed OTA @ 4 ppm in feed (Group-I), endosulfan @ 5 mg/kg BW in corn oil by oral gavage (Group-II), and endosulfan with OTA in combination (Group-III) daily for 30 days.Group IV was kept as control and fed toxin free feed.After 30 days of treatment, tissues were collected in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological studies.The hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin sections showed varying degree of degenerative and necrotic changes in kidneys and liver which were more severe in OTA treated rats in comparison to endosulfan fed group.However, the changes observed in group III rats, which received both OTA and endosulfan were even more pronounced than those observed in rats fed OTA or endosulfan alone.The present findings suggest that OTA and endosulfan had additive effects which may play an important role in pathogenesis.
Bluetongue is endemic in India and has been reported from most Indian states. Of late, the clinical disease is most frequently seen in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana (erstwhile Andhra Pradesh state), Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Our analysis of diagnostic samples from bluetongue outbreaks during 2010-2011 from the state of Karnataka identified bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 5 (BTV-5) for the first time in India. One of the diagnostic samples (CH1) and subsequent virus isolate (IND2010/02) contained both BTV-2 and BTV-5. Segment 2 (seg-2) sequence data (400 bp: nucleotides 2538-2921) for IND2010/02-BTV5, showed 94.3% nucleotide identity to BTV-5 from South Africa (Accession no. AJ585126), confirming the virus serotype and also indicating that Seg-2 was derived from a Western topotype, which is in contrast to serotype 2, that belongs to an Eastern topotype. BTV-5 has been recently reported from Africa, China, French islands and the Americas. Although the exact source of the Indian BTV-5 isolate is still to be confirmed, recent identification of additional exotic serotypes in India is of real concern and might add to the severity of the disease seen in these outbreaks.
Abstract Transplacental transmission (TPT) of wild-type Indian BTV-1 had never been experimentally proved. This study was first time investigated TPT of Indian BTV-1 (isolated from aborted and stillborn goat fetal spleens). The sequential pathology, virological and immune cell kinetics (CD4 + , CD8 + T-lymphocytes and NK cells in spleen and PBMCs), and apoptosis in IFNAR1-blocked pregnant mice during early (infected on 1 GD) and mid (infected on 8 GD) gestation have been studied. There was higher rate of TPT during mid stage (71.43%) than early (57.14%) stage. In early stage reduced implantation sites, early embryonic deaths, abortions, and necro-haemorrhagic lesions had observed. Mid stage, congenital defects and neurological lesions in foetuses like haemorrhages, diffuse cerebral edema, necrotizing encephalitis and decreased bone size (Alizarin red staining) were noticed. BTV-1 antigen was first time demonstrable in cells of mesometrium, decidua of embryos, placenta, uterus, ovary, and brain of foetuses by immunohistochemistry and quantified by real-time qRT-PCR. BTV-inoculated mice were seroconverted by 7 and 5 dpi, and reached peak levels by 15 and 9 dpi in early and mid gestation, respectively. CD4 + and CD8 + cells were significantly decreased (increased ratio) on 7 dpi but subsequently increased on 15 dpi in early gestation. In mid gestation, increased CD8 + cells (decreased ratio) were observed. Apoptotic cells in PBMCs and tissues increased during peak viral load. This first time TPT of wild-type Indian BTV-1 deserves to be reported for implementation of control strategies. This model will be very suitable for further research into mechanisms of TPT, overwintering, and vaccination strategies.
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