Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane

Ministry of Health

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Phengta Vongphrachanh

Ministry of Health

Manilay Phengxay

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific

Reiko Tsuyuoka

World Health Organization - Pakistan

Bounthanom Sengkeopraseuth

Ministry of Health

Pakapak Ketmayoon

World Health Organization - Pakistan

May Chiew

World Health Organization - Pakistan

Noikaseumsy Sithivong

National Center for Epidemiology

Keooudomphone Vilivong

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Justin Denny

Oregon Health & Science University

Phetdavanh Leuangvilay

World Health Organization - Pakistan

Cooperative Institutions

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

World Health Organization - Pakistan

Ministry of Health

Department of Health

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific

National Institute of Infectious Diseases

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases

World Health Organization

Institut Pasteur du Laos

UNSW Sydney

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Dengue outbreak among construction workers - Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR, June 2010

International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2012)

V. Ouandala S. Linthavong S. Phousavath D. Lylianou K. Lerdsaway

Background: On June 15, 2010, 15 construction workers from a downtown market building presented to a hospital in Vientiane Capital complaining of fever with headache. An investigation was conducted into the cause of fever, to find additional cases and to propose outbreak control recommendations. Methods: A suspect case was defined as all persons with fever and headache working or living in a market construction site in Vientiane from May 20 to July 1, 2010. Blood specimens were sent for dengue fever (DF) NS1 and ELISA IgM laboratory testing at the National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology. Active case finding was conducted by interviewing all living at the worksite. An environmental investigation was conducted to describe health threats and to direct public health response and control measures. Results: We identified 27 cases and no deaths of the 130 persons living at the construction site (attack rate 20.8%) with onset of symptoms between May 28, 2010 and June 16, 2010. One of three samples tested positive by DF NS1 rapid testing and five of ten specimens tested positive for DF IgM infection by ELISA. Males aged 15-24 year old were the most frequently infected (51.9%). The outbreak epidemic curve depicted a point source. Workers were from China (53.8%), Laos (30.8%) and Vietnam (15.4%) and no cases were hospitalized. An environmental assessment confirmed an abundance of mosquito larvae in all residential areas and a lack of evening bed net use. Conclusion: Visiting workers from neighboring countries may have different immunity to DF serotypes and therefore be at increased for outbreaks in workplace settings. Efforts to reduce mosquito larvae in such settings may therefore be warranted in order to prevent outbreaks of DF.

Attack rate

10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.447

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Citations (1)

Laboratory evaluation of two point-of-care detection systems for early and accurate detection of influenza viruses in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic

International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2020)

Wanitchaya Kittikraisak Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane Sinakhone Xayadeth Virasack Som Oulay Viengphone Khanthamaly

BackgroundWe evaluated molecular-based point-of-care influenza virus detection systems in a laboratory prior to a field evaluation of on-site specimen testing.MethodsThe performance characteristics of 1) insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a POCKIT™ device and 2) real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) on a MyGo Mini™ device were evaluated using human clinical specimens, beta-propiolactone-inactivated influenza viruses, and RNA controls. The rRT-PCR carried out on a CXF-96™ real-time detection system was used as a gold standard for comparison.ResultsBoth systems demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity and test results were in 100% agreement with the gold standard. POCKIT™ only correctly identified influenza A (M gene) in clinical specimens due to the unavailability of typing and subtyping reagents for human influenza viruses, while MyGo Mini™ had either a one log higher or the same sensitivity in detecting influenza viruses in clinical specimens compared to the gold standard. For inactivated viruses and/or viral RNA, the analytic sensitivity of POCKIT™ was shown to be comparable to, or more sensitive, than the gold standard. The analytic sensitivity of MyGo Mini™ had mixed results depending on the types and subtypes of influenza viruses.ConclusionsThe performance of the two systems in a laboratory is promising and supports further evaluation in field settings.

Gold standard (test)

Subtyping

10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.059

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Hidden varicella outbreak, Luang Prabang Province, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, December 2014 to January 2015

Western Pacific surveillance response journal (2016)

Bounthanom Sengkeopraseuth Khonesavanh Bounma Chansone Siamong Siddhartha Sankar Datta Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane

Background: In January 2015, the Lao People's Democratic Republic Ministry of Health received a report of 34 cases of fever and rash with one laboratory-confirmed measles case in Houitone village, Pakseng District of Luang Prabang Province.Between 21 and 27 January, we conducted a field investigation to determine the etiology, magnitude and severity of this outbreak. Methods:We conducted active case findings in Houitone and neighbouring villages and collected information on age, location, date of rash onset, symptoms and measles vaccination status.We collected serum samples from cases with rash onset of less than 28 days and tested for measles and rubella IgM using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Between 22 December 2014 and 23 January 2015, 190 fever and rash cases were identified in seven villages in Pakseng District with the majority of the cases in Houitone village.The most affected age group was between 1 and 9 years.The majority of the rashes were vesicular.Of the additional 43 serum samples collected, no samples tested positive for measles or rubella IgM.The clinical manifestation and epidemiology of the disease suggested a varicella outbreak.

10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.2.010

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Epidemiologic and Virologic Characteristics of Influenza in Lao PDR, 2016–2023

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses (2024)

Natalie Wodniak Keooudomphone Vilivong Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane Bounthanom Sengkeopraseuth Virasack Somoulay

Influenza sentinel surveillance in Lao PDR is used to inform seasonal vaccination programs. This analysis reviews epidemiologic and virologic characteristics of influenza virus infection over 8 years, before and after emergence of SARS-CoV-2.

10.1111/irv.13353

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A review of rabies surveillance and response activities in Lao PDR to 2011

International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2012)

A. Kamsing P. Nasipaseuth S. Archkhawong Kongmany Southalack Watthana Theppangna

Background: Rabies, a viral zoonoses endemic to Lao PDR, causes acute encephalitis with almost 100% case fatality if no post-exposure treatment (PET) is provided. While testing commenced at the Lao National Animal Health Centre in 1954, it was in 1999 a National Committee for Rabies Control was formed. ASEAN's "call for action towards the elimination of Rabies…by 2020", makes it appropriate to review Lao PDR's rabies surveillance and response activities up to 2011. Methods: Retrospective studies of 10 years of dog bite and vaccination data reported by health facilities to the National Immunization Programme (2002-2011), 19 years (1993-2011) of dog vaccination data and 5 years (2006-2011) of rabies laboratory results from the National Animal Health Centre (2006-2011) were undertaken. Additionally, two cross sectional surveys were conducted; one targeting provincial epidemiologists and immunisation programme staff nation-wide and another one targeting veterinary workers in public and private clinics of Vientiane Capital. Data was analysed using EpiINFO and excel. Results: Vientiane Capital accounts for 73% of the national data for bites and rabies vaccination in humans with a reduction in provinces reporting over the last 5 years. An average of 8,528 dog bites are reported annually with 99% given PET consisting of vaccination (since 2000 purchased by Provincial and District Health Offices) and wound care. Only 30% receive a full course (5) of vaccinations. Immunoglobulin is not available in Lao PDR. The percent of suspected dog samples testing positive for rabies increased from 48% in 2006 to 64% in 2011 with 74% submitted from Vientiane Capital. 71-83% of dog vaccinations occur in the Capital, covering 6% of the estimated dog population. Conclusion: There are many challenges to effective rabies surveillance and response in Laos but self-sustainability of commercial vaccine delivery for humans is evident. Dog rabies vaccination programmes would require resources that are not currently available. Practical steps in the meantime include: strengthened cooperation and coordination to improve current systems for collection and sharing of rabies information, immunoglobulin availability, strengthening of dog regulations, promotion of rabies awareness and ongoing development of veterinary capacity.

Case fatality rate

Post-exposure prophylaxis

10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.649

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Citations (4)

Factors contributing to a measles outbreak in a hard-to-reach rural village in Xaisomboun Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Western Pacific surveillance response journal (2022)

Vannida Douangboupha Philippa Binns Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane Virasack Som Oulay Khanxay Sengsaiya

An increase in measles cases was reported in the north-western of the Lao People's Democratic Republic beginning in January 2019, with outbreaks quickly spreading throughout the country. Following identification of two laboratory-confirmed cases in Xaisomboun Province, we conducted an outbreak investigation to identify factors contributing to the measles outbreak in hard-to-reach Village X.Active case-finding was undertaken at the provincial hospital and primary health care centre via a retrospective search through admission logbooks and house-to-house surveys in Village X and surrounding villages. Clinical samples were collected from suspected cases, and data were collected using a standard case investigation form. Vaccine coverage data were reviewed.Of the 40 suspected measles cases with rash onset during 12 February-27 April 2019, 83% (33/40) resided in Village X and 98% (39/40) were of Hmong-Lu Mien ethnicity. Ages ranged from 22 days to 5 years, with 70% (28) aged < 24 months. Almost half of cases aged 9 to < 18 months (5/11) and 67% (8/12) of cases aged 324 months had received a measles-containing vaccine (MCV). Reported MCV coverage in Xaisomboun for children aged < 1 year in 2017-2018 was < 50%. In 55% (22/40) of cases, case notification was delayed by 36 days. The final case classification comprised 10% laboratory-confirmed, 20% clinically compatible, 60% epidemiologically linked and 10% non-cases.This measles outbreak was likely associated with low immunization coverage, compounded by delays in reporting. Effective strategies are needed to address beliefs about and health literacy barriers to immunization and measles awareness. Such strategies may improve MCV coverage and early diagnosis, enabling timely public health interventions and reducing mortality and morbidity.

10.5365/wpsar.2022.13.3.874

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Citations (2)

Western Pacific surveillance response journal (2016)

Ching Pk Zapanta Mj Reyes Vc Sucaldito Mn Ailan Li

Surveillance and Response (WPSAR) is an open access journal dedicated to the surveillance of and response to public health events.The goal of the journal is to create a platform for timely information sharing both within our region and globally to enhance surveillance and response activities.

10.5365/wpsar.2016.7.3

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Epidemiological and virological characteristics of seasonal and pandemic influenza in Lao PDR, 2008-2010

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses (2012)

Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane Pakapak Ketmayoon Hannah C. Lewis Darouny Phonekeo Thongchanh Sisouk

Background Information on influenza virology and epidemiology from Lao PDR is limited and the seasonal patterns of influenza have not been previously described. Objectives To describe epidemiological and virologic characteristics of influenza in Lao PDR to recommend public health interventions, including improvements in surveillance and response. Patients/Methods We performed a descriptive analysis of samples taken from patients with influenza-like-illness (ILI) (fever >38°C with cough and/or sore throat) presenting at seven sentinel hospitals in three regions of Lao PDR, January 2008–December 2010. A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab or combined nasal with oropharyngeal swab was collected from patients with ILI. Samples were tested for influenza by either Luminex RVP, conventional reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (January 2008–2009), or by real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) using US CDC reagents (February 2009 onward). Results Of 2346 samples tested from patients with ILI, 523 (22%) were positive for influenza. The median age of those positive was 12 years (range, <1–60 year). The percentage of samples that were influenza positive was similar over the 3 years (20–23%). Each year 3–4 types/subtypes cocirculated with differing predominant type/subtype. Influenza was detected year-round with the highest proportion of positive specimens in the 3rd and 4th quarter. Conclusions Similar to other countries in the region, we found that influenza is present year-round and has a peak activity from July to December. Dominant types or subtypes vary by year. A large proportion of patients with ILI are not influenza positive. ILI surveillance is critical for weighing disease burden, both morbidity and mortality, against the costs of advancing influenza vaccine delivery strategy.

Pandemic

Seasonal influenza

2019-20 coronavirus outbreak

10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00394.x

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First Human Infection of Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus Reported in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, February-March 2021

Authorea (Authorea) (2021)

Bounthanom Sengkeopraseuth Kim Carmela Co Phetdavanh Leuangvilay Joshua A. Mott Bounyasith Khongsamphanh

In March 2021, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) reported an avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection in a 5-year-old child identified through sentinel surveillance. This was the first human A(H5N6) infection reported outside of China. A multidisciplinary investigation undertook contact tracing and enhanced human and animal surveillance in surrounding villages and live bird markets. Seven Muscovy ducks tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses. Sequenced viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4h and were closely related to viruses detected in poultry in Vietnam, and to previous viruses detected in Laos. Surveillance and coordinated outbreak response remain essential to global health security.

Highly pathogenic

People's Republic

10.22541/au.163507786.61635870/v1

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High prevalence of mumps in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2014)

Judith M. Hübschen Keooudomphone Vilivong Chanthasone Souvannaso Andrew P Black Nina Lütteke

Seroprevalence

Mumps virus

Notifiable disease

10.1111/1469-0691.12586

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Citations (2)