We present an in vitro biomechanical comparison of adjacent segment motion at the cranial segment (L3-L4) for an L4-L5 versus an L4-S1 fusion model using cadaveric lumbosacral spines.The purpose is to determine the biomechanical effect on the unfused cranial segment of extending a short lumbar fusion to the sacrum versus stopping at L5.Radiographic evidence of adjacent segment degeneration can occur as a late sequela in patients following lumbar and lumbosacral spinal fusions. It is believed that altered biomechanics adjacent to the fusion construct contribute to these degenerative changes. Little is known regarding changes in cranial adjacent segment mechanics resulting from inclusion of the sacrum compared to ending a fusion at L5.Seven human cadaveric lumbosacral spines were instrumented with pedicle screws at L4, L5, and S1. Rods were placed from L4-L5 and from L4-S1 to simulate the corresponding fusion models. A material testing system was used to apply load-controlled moments to the spines in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Electromagnetic sensors were used to record 6 df motion across the L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 motion segments. Angular displacements were recorded and system stiffness was calculated for each spine and construct. A paired sample t test was used to determine significance of recorded differences.Under flexion-extension loading, the angular displacement in the sagittal plane at L3-L4 for the L4-S1 model was 9.0 degrees compared to 7.8 degrees for the L4-L5 model (+15%; P = 0.002). Under lateral bending loading, L3-L4 motion in the coronal plane for the L4-S1 model was 12.8 degrees and was 14.5 degrees for the L4-L5 model (-12%; P = 0.002). In axial rotation testing, L3-L4 torsional motion for the L4-S1 model was equivalent to the L4-L5 model. Overall system stiffness increased for the L4-S1 model compared with the L4-L5 model.In this load-controlled model, extending fusion across L5-S1 did not consistently increase motion at L3-L4. While it may be difficult to translate this finding to a clinical setting, avoiding fusion to the sacrum in a lower lumbar fusion may not provide significant benefit from the standpoint of avoiding adjacent segment disease.
To observe the distribution of Schistosoma mansoni glucose transport proteins, SGTP1 and SGTP4, in the tegument of Schistosoma japonicum.The rapidly frozen fixation technique and ultracryomicrotomy were adopted for preparing ultrathin cryosections of S. japonicum. Anti-SGTP1 and anti-SGTP4 antibodies were used to localize the corresponding antigens in the tegument of adult S. japonicum by immunocytochemical technique.SGTP1 was localized on the basal membrane of the tegument and its infoldings, SGTP4 was localized on the apical membrane of the tegument and its invaginations of S. japonicum.The same localization for SGTP 1 and SGTP4 in the tegument of S. japonicum and S. mansoni exhibited apparent homology between SGTPs of the two schistosomes.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant tumor among men, and the second most common malignant tumor among women worldwide. As one of the most common malignant tumor, colorectal cancer has a great threat to the health of people. Although the development of radiotherapy and chemotherapy could improve the prognosis of colorectal cancer, surgery, the complete resection of the tumor, remains the only chance for the cure of this disease. Over the past hundred years, surgical oncology went in the direction of protecting organ function and improving quality of life. Anus-preserving surgery for low rectal cancer and laparoscopic colorectal surgery are exactly following this tendency. In colorectal surgery, surgeons need to perform intestinal anastomosis and recover the intestinal continuity after the excision of the abnormal bowel, thus a series of colorectal anastomosis techniques occur, including manual anastomosis, stapled anastomosis, compression anastomosis, and radiofrequency-induced thermo-fusion of intestinal anastomoses, which is currently being studied by many researchers at home and abroad. Manual anastomosis is divided into single- and two-layer anastomosis, continuous and interrupted sutures, and inverting and everting sutures performed in different ways. In this paper, we offer an overview of evolution, evaluate the safety and effectiveness, and compare the incidence of complications, particularly anastomotic leakage and anastomotic stenosis of different anastomotic techniques. After the objective elucidation of advantages and disadvantages, we are also looking forward to better colorectal anastomosis techniques in the future.
Background:The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on stage II colon cancer remains constantly controversial.Recently, however, several studies have reported the definite survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in T4 disease (stage IIB and IIC) among stage II colon cancer patients.The following study investigates the efficacy of ACT in patients with poorly differentiated stage IIA colon cancer.Methods: The first cohort of eligible patients (N=38384) diagnosed with stage IIA colon cancer was selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER) between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2010.Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the survival benefit following ACT.Our findings were also evaluated in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) cohort form FUSCC database.Results: In SEER cohort, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor grade was associated with 21.5% increased cancer-specific mortality in patients who did not receive ACT (HR=1.215,1.004-1.469,P=0.045, using poorly differentiated or undifferentiated ACT as a reference).In FUSCC cohort, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor grade was also associated with increased DFS in patients who received ACT (HR = 0.160, 95% CI = 0.017-1.505,P=0.109, using poorly differentiated or undifferentiated, non-ACT as a reference).In addition, patients with poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor who did not receive ACT had a higher risk of distant metastasis and recurrence compared to patients who received ACT (log-rank P=0.027 and 0.119, respectively).Conclusion: ACT decreased the recurrence rate and distant metastasis rate thus improving prognosis for poorly differentiated or undifferentiated stage IIA colon cancer.
Rucheng Baimaocha (Camellia pubescens) black tea (RCBT) exhibits floral and sweet attributes with a unique minty-like aroma, distinguishing it from traditional and other innovative black teas. However, its key odorants remain unknown. In this study, gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) combined with aroma extraction dilution analysis detected 26 aroma-active compounds (ACCs), of which 20 ACCs were quantified as odorants of RCBT infusion. In addition, aroma recombination models well simulated the overall aroma characteristics of RCBT infusion, which proved the accuracy of identification and quantification. Omission experiments showed that 12 key odorants played crucial roles in aroma formation of RCBT. Among these, four odorants (methyl salicylate, (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal, methyl geranate, and (E)-2-nonenal), were of great importances for unique minty-like aroma, with significantly higher concentrations compared to other black tea varieties. This study offered a foundational theoretical framework for the processing and quality control of RCBT.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of colonic adenomas and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), encoding a large multidomain protein involved in antagonizing the Wnt signaling pathway, has been identified as the main causative gene responsible for FAP. In this study, we identified three novel mutations as well as two recurrent mutations in the APC in five Chinese FAP families by sequencing. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that among these mutations, a nonsense mutation (c.2510C>G) and two small deletions (c.2016_2047del, c.3180_3184del) led to the truncation of the APC protein and the cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the colorectal samples from affected individuals, respectively. Our study expands the database on mutations of APC and provides evidence to understand the function of APC in FAP.
Rucheng Baimao (Camellia pubescens) is an excellent raw material for manufacturing white tea. Drying is the last step in white tea processing and is essential for white tea's aroma. In this study, aroma sensory evaluation combined with volatile compound analysis reveals the characteristic aroma differences of Rucheng Baimao white tea with oven drying (OD), air drying (AD), and sun drying (SD) treatments. Sensory results showed that OD samples had a stronger floral and grassy aroma, AD samples exhibited a more pronounced fresh and pekoe aroma, and SD samples exhibited a unique sunshine odor. Thirty compounds were screened as differential aroma-active compounds of the aroma difference of Rucheng Baimao white tea with three drying treatments using multivariate statistical analysis and relative odor activity value (ROAV ≥1) analysis. The weighted correlation network analysis of the differential compounds revealed the potential association between volatiles and aroma. The results showed that 17 compounds (such as hexanal and p-cymene) were significantly positively correlated with the grassy aroma and 21 compounds (such as linalool and benzeneacetaldehyde) were significantly positively correlated with the floral aroma. Most of these compounds were abundant in OD samples, contributed to its aroma characteristics.
Objective: To observe the influence of different calcium compounds on aluminium and lead metabolism in young rats. Methods: Thirty young rats, half male and half female, were divided into three groups: Ca citrate+Al+Pb group, Ca acetate+Al+Pb group, and Ca carbonate+Al+Pb group. Rats were given the same dose of calcium by gavage of various calcium compounds for 4 w. At the end of experiment, Al and Pb levels in whole blood, liver, kidney, femur and cerebrum were measured by ICP AES. Results: (1) The rats treated with calcium citrate and calcium acetate enhanced lead apparent absorptivity, as compared with calcium carbonate. (2) Elevated aluminium and lead levels were more evident in cerebrum and bone. Conclusion: (1) long term ingestion of Ca acetate and Ca citrate implicates a risk of enhanced Al and Pb absorption and accummulation in the cerebrum and bone.(2) calcium carbonate may be more helpful than calcium acetate and calcium citrate in facilitating Al excretion through kidney.
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