We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational case-control studies to evaluate markers of oxidative stress in seminal plasma of patients with male infertility.Current evidence links oxidative stress to male infertility, in which multiple markers of oxidative stress have been widely detected, publishing inconsistent results with regard to the role of oxidative stress markers in the evaluation of male infertility. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis on this issue is necessary.From the 1024 articles initially retrieved, 65 studies were included in our meta-analysis with 11 oxidative stress markers, containing 3819 male infertility patients and 2012 controls. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (SMD = 1.86, p < 0.00001), NO (SMD = 0.89, p = 0.001), carbonyl protein (SMD = 2.09, p < 0.00001) in seminal plasma were significantly higher in infertility patients. The concentrations of GSH (SMD = -1.68, p < 0.00001), vitamin C (SMD = -1.12, p < 0.00001), and vitamin E (SMD = -1.48, p = 0.003), as well as the activities of catalase (SMD = -1.91, p < 0.0001), glutathione peroxidase (SMD = -1.96, p = 0.0002) and glutathione-S-transferase (SMD = -1.62, p = 0.009) declined remarkably, resulting in decreased total antioxidant capacity (SMD = -1.77, p < 0.00001). Besides, the activity of superoxide dismutase showed no statistical difference between infertility patients and controls (SMD = -0.51, p = 0.07).Our meta-analysis suggests that oxidative stress in seminal plasma resulting from decreased antioxidant defense are associated with male infertility.Using PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang database, we searched for literature reporting the detection of oxidative stress markers in the seminal plasma of male infertility published up to June 2017. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the finally analysis.
Abstract Background ： Dunaliella salina can produce a large amount of glycerol under salt stress, which can quickly adapt to the change of external salt concentration, and glycerol is one of the ideal energy sources. In recent years, it has been reported that Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade pathway plays an important role in regulating salt stress, and in Dunaliella tertiolecta DtMAPK can regulate glycerol synthesis under salt stress. Therefore, it is urgent to study the relationship between MAPK cascade pathway and salt stress in D. salina , and help it to increase the content of glycerol. Results ： In our study, we identified and analyzed the alternative splicing of DsMEK1 (DsMEK1-X1, DsMEK1-X2) from the unicellular green alga D. salina . DsMEK1-X1, DsMEK1-X2 both localized in the cytoplasm. The qRT-PCR assays showed that DsMEK1-X2 induced by salt stress. Overexpression of DsMEK1-X2 revealed a higher increase rate of glycerol compared to the control and DsMEK1-X1-oe under salt stress. The expression of DsGPDH2/3/5/6 increased in DsMEK1-X2-oe strains compared to the control under salt stress. It means that DsMEK1-X2 is involved in the regulation of DsGPDHs expression and glycerol overexpression under salt stress. Overexpression of DsMEK1-X1 increasing the proline content and reducing the MDA content under salt stress, and DsMEK1-X1 can regulate oxidative stress, thus we speculate that DsMEK1-X1 can reduce the damage of oxidative under salt stress. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that DsMEK1-X2 can interact with DsMAPKKK1/2/3/9/10/17 and DsMAPK1, however, DsMEK1-X1 interacted with neither upstream MAPKKK nor downstream MAPK. DsMEK1-X2-oe transgenic lines increased the expression of DsMAPKKK1/3/10/17 and DsMAPK1, and DsMEK1-X2-RNAi lines decreased the expression of DsMAPKKK2/10/17. DsMEK1-X1-oe transgenic lines do not increased genes expression, except for DsMAPKKK9. Conclusion ： Our findings demonstrate that DsMEK1-X1 and DsMEK1-X2 can response to salt stress in two different pathways, DsMEK1-X1 response to salt stress by reducing oxidative damage, however, DsMAPKKK1/2/3/9/10/17- DsMEK1-X2-DsMAPK1 cascade is involved in the regulated of DsGPDH expression and thus glycerol synthesis under salt stress.
Although Saitozyma podzolica Zwy2-3 can use the enzymatic hydrolysate of corn stalks treated with an ammonium carbonate-steam explosion (EHCS-ACSE) as a substrate for lipid accumulation, the inefficient conversion of sugars from EHCS-ACSE into lipids necessitates the further optimization of fermentation parameters. Response surface design was used to optimize the primary fermentation parameters. Under the optimized conditions of the reducing sugar concentration of 89.44 g/L, yeast extract concentration of 3.88 g/L, rotational speed of 219 rpm, and incubation time of 122 h, the maximum lipid production achieved 11.45 g/L, which was 2.28 times higher than the results of the previous study. In addition, lipid profiling showed the presence of four fatty acid methyl esters, with the highest percentage being 61.84% oleic acid, followed by 21.53% palmitic acid, 13.05% stearic acid, and 3.58% linoleic acid. It is noteworthy that the composition and relative abundance of microbial lipids remained constant under different culture conditions. The characteristics of Zwy2-3 biodiesel, such as the iodine value (62.09), cetane number (59.29), density (0.87 g/cm3), and oxidation stability (35.53), meet the international standards (ASTM D6751-02 and EN 14214) for biodiesel. The present study further demonstrated that S. podzolica Zwy2-3 can efficiently utilize EHCS-ACSE for microbial lipid accumulation, and its lipids have favorable qualities that make them suitable for biodiesel production.
Additional file 5: Table S5. CHS and C4H blast results show that the plant-derived gene may be responsible for the production of anthocyanins. Lists of the blast results include gene symbols, query names, subject names, subject species, identity, alignment length, mismatch length, gap openings, query start, query end, subject start, subject end, e-value and score
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