This introductory chapter explores French political philosopher Raymond Aron's thesis of a democratic stabilization of Western Europe, which he believed had occurred since the Second World War. Compared with the destructive struggles of ideology, class, and ethnicity that had marked the first half of the twentieth century in Europe, Aron argued that a new form of industrial society had emerged in the fifteen years since the war, characterized by representative democratic institutions and guarantees of personal freedom. Stability was not, of course, guaranteed. And yet what Aron termed the démocraties stabilisées or pacifiées that had taken root in Western Europe since the Second World War were more than the by-product of the political immobilism imposed on Europe, west and east, by the Cold War. In Aron's view, they marked the coming of age of a new model of Western European government and society, which had not so much resolved the divisions of the past as rendered them obsolete through a combination of economic prosperity, effective governmental action, and social compromise. The book then studies the nature and development of democracy, as well as its limitations, in Europe between the end of the Second World War and the political and social upheavals of the later 1960s and early 1970s.
The period from the summer of 1945 to the first post-war elections in February 1946 saw the reconstruction of Belgian politics around the twin poles of the Socialist and Catholic parties. This process involved organizational reconstruction of the two parties, their ideological redefinition, and their ‘recapture’ of their organizational hinterland of pillarized social institutions, such as their respective trade–union movements. Though mutually opposed, these two parties dominated the political stage. The Liberals remained as a minority third force, but the Communist Party failed to consolidate the advances it had made as a consequence of the war, while neither the supporters of the King (the Leopoldists) nor the Resistance established major political movements. Only the Christian Democrat grouping, the Union Démocrate belge, emerged as a small new political force.
Abstract Gender differences are frequently observed in autobiographical memory (AM). However, few studies have investigated the neural basis of potential gender differences in AM. In the present functional MRI (fMRI) study we investigated gender differences in AMs elicited using dynamic visual images vs verbal cues. We used a novel technology called a SenseCam, a wearable device that automatically takes thousands of photographs. SenseCam differs considerably from other prospective methods of generating retrieval cues because it does not disrupt the ongoing experience. This allowed us to control for potential gender differences in emotional processing and elaborative rehearsal, while manipulating how the AMs were elicited. We predicted that males would retrieve more richly experienced AMs elicited by the SenseCam images vs the verbal cues, whereas females would show equal sensitivity to both cues. The behavioural results indicated that there were no gender differences in subjective ratings of reliving, importance, vividness, emotion, and uniqueness, suggesting that gender differences in brain activity were not due to differences in these measures of phenomenological experience. Consistent with our predictions, the fMRI results revealed that males showed a greater difference in functional activity associated with the rich experience of SenseCam vs verbal cues, than did females. Keywords: Episodic memoryAutobiographical memoryGenderfMRIFunctional neuroimaging ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Matthew W. Lowder for help with participant testing. This research was supported by a grant from Microsoft Research Cambridge and the National Institute of Health RO1 AG23770, both awarded to RC.