Plant growth regulators are extremely important natural hormones which control the growth and the physiological factors within the plant. They are naturally occurring as well as synthetic. PGRs like Auxins, ethylene, cytokinins and gibberellins are the growth inhibitors and growth retardants. The foliar application of plant growth regulators helped in increasing the quality of the fruit crops. Auxin is required for fruit retention in sweet cherry, litchi, grapevine, snake fruit and tomato. Most commonly used auxins are IBA, NAA, IAA, 2,4D etc. IBA at the concentration of 4000 ppm is the best plant growth regulator for rooting in cuttings. Gibberellins (GA) are diterpene plant hormones that influence various aspects of growth and development through complex biosynthetic processes. Application of GA with combination of Zinc and pruning showed better performance in fruit weight, ascorbic acid, and reduction in pre-harvest fruit drop. Repeated applications of brassinosteroid have a long-lasting effect on strawberry cv. Winter Dawn physiological growth. Triacontanol (TRIA), natural plant growth hormone in fruit crops. It regulates a variety of physiological processes in plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone best recognized for modulating host responses in response to pathogen infection.SA treatments boosted crop productivity and fruit quality criteria such as firmness, aril color, and individual sugar and organic acid concentrations at harvest. It is revealed by many studies that the application of biofertilizer play an essential role for increasing the sustainability of the soil and also enhance the organic matter content, aeration, fertility, availability of micro and macronutrients with in the soil which are the essential things for the better survival of the plant and results into the good quality and higher yield from the plant. The present review encompasses the use and the effect of different PGR’s and biofertilizer on the fruit crops.
Among 50 field pea germplasm screened leaf miner, aphid and pod borer were recorded as major insect pests. The population of leaf miner and aphid were observed 20 DAS while pod borer at 50% flowering till harvesting of the crop which ranged in leaf miner, aphid and pod borer from 12.0 to 22.80, 19.33 to 20.80 and 0.17 to 4.47 respectively. Forty eight out of 50 germplasm screened against leaf miner fell under resistant category while two germplasm were found moderately resistant. All the 50 germplasm screened against aphid fell under moderately resistant category. Maximum pod borer population of 4.47/5 plants was found in the germplasm VL 58 and Pant P 195. Lowest population of 0.17 pod borer/ 5 plants was recorded in the germplasm IPFD 12-2 and RG 3.
To formulate proper seed priming strategy, the response of four lentil varieties to seed bio-priming with Pant Bioagent-3 (Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum), Azotobacter sp. and Bavistin, in terms of field performance and seed quality was assessed. Seed bio-priming with Azotobacter formulation and Pant bioagent-3 significantly increased the field emergence (77.66% and 71.66% respectively), seed yield per plot. Germination and viability were improved through seed priming to 80% and 88.66% in DPL-62 with Azotobacter bio-priming. Vigour index improved to 18.8, 17.0 and 14.9 with bio-priming as compared to 10.13 in non-primed control in variety DPL-62. Significant improvement in the seed health was also observed in case of bio-primed seed. Seed discolouration reduced to the level of 12.33%, in Kali Masoor with Pant Bioagent-3 bio-priming, while least seed infection (11.66%) was in fungicide (Bavistin) seed treatment for DPL-62. Seed bio-priming improved seed health, in addition to enhancing the seed quality..
Abstract Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with significant nonmotor symptom (NMS) burden, including impulse control disorders. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate NMS and impulse control disorders in PD patients under primary care. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 32 PD patients and evaluated using standardized assessment tools. Demographics, comorbidities, and symptom burdens were recorded. Evaluation tools included the Hoehn and Yahr Scale, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder assessment, Geriatric Depression Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale for cognitive impairment, NMS scale, and identification of impulse control disorders. Results: In PD, comorbidities were prevalent (84%), and most were at Hoehn and Yahr Stages 2 and 3. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder was present in 28.12%, with 5 receiving clonazepam treatment. Depression affected 28.12%, with 5 receiving pharmacological treatment. Cognitive impairment was notable in 9 patients. NMS burden was high, with varying severity. Impulse control disorders were limited, whereas one case of dopamine dysregulation syndrome was identified. Discussion: This primary care-based study in India assessed NMS and impulse control disorders in PD patients, highlighting comorbidities and management opportunities. The study’s strength lies in evaluating an unselected primary care population, whereas limitations include small sample size. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of primary care physicians in monitoring and managing NMS in PD patients. Impulse control disorders and cognitive impairment are critical aspects that need attention. The findings support an integrated approach involving health-care professionals across various disciplines to provide holistic care for PD patients.
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