the forms of occurrence and chemical composition of sulfides in the LW Bogdanka bituminous coal deposits of the Lublin Coal Basin introductionMinerals present in coal can be divided into three groups on the basis of their origin: minerals from the original plants (Stach et al. 1982;ward 2002) formed in the initial stage of the coalification process or introduced into the peat by water and wind (Zarębska and Pernak-Miśko 2007) or deposited in the second phase of the coalification, after the consolidation of coal, by ascending or descending solutions in cracks, fissures, and cavities or as a result of the alteration of primarily deposited minerals (ward 2016).Usually, the carrier of these components is the inorganic matter.The inorganic matter present in coal includes: dissolved salts and other inorganic substances in the coal's pore water; inorganic elements incorporated within the organic compounds of the coal macerals; and discrete inorganic particles (crystalline or non-crystalline) representing true mineral components.In coal, inorganic matter is most commonly found in the form of minerals, aggregations (veins), macroscopically visible layers, or dispersed throughout the coal macerals (ward 2002).The size of individual mineral grains is highly variable, ranging between less than one micrometer to tens or hundreds of micrometers (Taylor and Glick 1998).Bielowicz and Misiak 2018 / Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi -Mineral Resources Management 34(3), 37-52The most commonly found minerals in coal are: quartz, clay minerals, carbonates, and sulphide minerals.Sulphides can be categorized as either of syngenetic (primary), early-diagenetic, or epigenetic (secondary) origin (Stach et al. 1982) which are mainly represented by: pyrite (FeS 2 ), marcasite (FeS 2 ), pyrrhotite (Fe (1-x) S), sphalerite (znS), galena (PbS), and chalcopyrite (FeCuS 2 ).It should be noted that pyrite is a common mineral in many coal seams (Demchuk 1992).
Petrographic composition of char from the gasification of coal from the wieczorek mine after combustion introductionGasification is a modern coal processing technology that can be used to replace direct coal combustion with cleaner energy.Gasification enables more environmentally friendly energy generation and is a very flexible technology in terms of the fuels used (Higman and van der Burgt 2008).The development of technology for the gasification of coal from Polish deposits was the subject of the project titled "The Development of Coal Gasification Technology for High Production of Fuels and Electricity" funded by the National Center for Research and Development within the strategic program of research and development entitled: "Advanced Energy Generation Technologies".As a result of this project, coal, dust, and ash samples were obtained.The presented work includes a petrographic analysis of coal from
LOCATION OF THE LIGNITE FROM THE DĘBY SZLACHECKIE DEPOSIT IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS Abstract. The Deby Szlacheckie lignite deposit is one of the prospective deposits of Poland. It is located between the Pomeranian Trough and Łodź Basin. The abovementioned deposit is classified to the C1 category of exploration, while its balance resources amount to 103,171 thousand Mg. Productive series is composed of one lignite seam with a thickness ranging from 2.9 to 14.0 metres. It is the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam of Middle Miocene age. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the basic technological parameters of lignite and classify them according to the current standards. Lignite from the Deby Szlacheckie deposit is of good technological quality. It is characterized by the average moisture content of 54.0% by weight, average ash content on a dry basis amounting to 24.3% by weight, average sulphur content (dry basis) of 1.04%, and the net calorific value amounting to 7,612 kJ/kg. Both lignite from the Deby Szlacheckie deposit and the other currently exploited deposits of the KWB Konin lignite have similar quality parameters, which offers the possibility of continued operation of the Konin and Pątnow combined heat and power plants. According to the International Classification of In-Seam Coals, the tested coal can be classified as humic low-rank C (ortho-lignite). On the basis of the Low Rank Coal Utilization – International Codification System, the international code – based on average values – of the examined coal is: humic low-rank C (Ortho-lignite) 08 71 24 10. According to the PN-ISO 11760:2007 Classification of Coals, the tested coal is classified as moderately high-vitrain, moderately high-ash lignite/low rank C.
Abstract Due to dynamic climatic changes resulting, among others, from the use of coal, the content of harmful substances in coal is of particular importance. Dangerous air pollution resulting from the burning of coal (e.g. As, Se, Hg, Pb, Sb) is often associated with sulfide minerals in coal. The study focused on the sulphides occurring in Polish hard coal deposits. Sulfides are one of the forms of occurrence of sulfur in coal. In this paper, an emphasis has been placed on on the characteristics of forms of occurrence of sulphides on both macroscopic and microscopic scale and on the chemical analysis in the micro area. The study has been conducted for the No. 301–308 seams from the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, stratigraphically belonging to the highest part of the Orzesze Beds s.s . (Westphalian B). The coal samples have been collected from the coal seams in the underground excavations of the following coal mines: Jan Kanty, Sobieski Jaworzno I, Wesoła and Ziemowit hard coal mine. Iron sulfides (pyrite, marcasite) in coal seams of the Orzesze Beds s.s. form various forms of macroscopically visible aggregates. These include massive, vein, pocket-like (impregnation) or dispersed forms. On the basis of microscopic observations, the following forms of occurence of iron sulphides in the tested coal have been determined: skeletal and massive vein forms, massive pocket-like (impregnation) forms, framboidal pyrite and euhedral crystals. The most common form of sulfides in the studied coal seams are vein forms cutting across bedding, usually creating complex dendritic and skeletal forms. Iron sulfides often occur in pocket-like (impregnation) forms, not directly linked with vein forms and fusinite. The WDS analysis in the micro area has revealed the chemical composition of sulfides in eight coal samples. As follows from the analysis, the tested coal seams are dominated by FeS 2 iron sulfides. It has been shown that the iron sulfides contained small admixtures of Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co Sb and Ni. The admixtures of As and Cd have been observed only in individual minerals. Lead, reaching up to 1.06%, has the highest concentration out of all admixtures in pyrite and marcasite. Small amounts of galena, titanium oxides (rutile), monazite and barite have also been found in the tested coal samples. Locally, vein forms, pyrite and dolomite were interlaying each other; the same applies to pyrite and apatite. In addition, dolomite fills part of the cells in fusinite.
The article presents the results of the petrographic analysis of the lignite from Turów deposit and the residues formed during its ex-situ gasification. The analysis used seven spot samples, representing different transformation areas, collected from the residues. The obtained results, compared with the lignite before the gasification, have shown that changes in the petrographic composition correspond to the temperature distribution during the process. The highest amounts of gasified particles, represented by inertoid-type chars, were observed in samples collected from areas where the temperature exceeded 600°C. The unchanged lignite macerals dominated in samples from areas where the temperature was below 200°C.
Streszczenie W węglu brunatnym z polskich złóż występują liczne pierwiastki rzadkie, śladowe i rozproszone, z których część może wywierać niekorzystny wpływ na środowisko naturalne oraz człowieka. Jednak pierwiastki te w większości nie osiągają koncentracji szkodliwych w analizowanym węglu. W pracy zbadano zawartości wybranych pierwiastków szkodliwych w każdym stężeniu i pierwiastków szkodliwych w większym stężeniu. Analizowano udział tych elementów zarówno w próbkach węgla brunatnego, jak i popiołach tego surowca uzyskanych metodą powolnego spalania. Do pierwiastków toksycznych w każdym stężeniu zaliczono Pb, Hg, Cd, Be, As, a w większym stężeniu: Zn, Se, Sb, Cu, Mn. Pierwiastki śladowe oznaczano metodą instrumentalnej neutronowej analizy aktywacyjnej (INAA), ICPMS-Mikrofala i ICP-OES. Ze względu na brak norm określających dopuszczalną zawartość pier- wiastków szkodliwych w węglu brunatnym oparto się na porównywaniu oznaczonej zawartości z dopuszczalnymi dziennymi dawkami dla ludzi i dopuszczalnej zawartości tych pierwiastków w glebach oraz w wodach. Zawartość Hg, Pb, As i Cd w badanym węglu brunatnym jest nieduża, a ich stężenia osiągają maksymalnie: Hg do 2,6 ppm, Pb do 26,22 ppm, As do 19,72 ppm i Cd do 17,76 ppm. Podane koncentracje są bardzo małe w porównaniu do granicznych dopuszczalnych wartości w glebach. Wyjątek stanowi średnia zawartość rtęci w złożu Adamów. Zawartość pierwiastków toksycznych w popiołach jest wyższa w porównaniu z węglem surowym, co świadczy, że składniki te związane są z substancją mineralną węgla. Zawartość innych oznaczonych pierwiastków śladowych (Sb, Zn, Mn i Cu) w badanym węglu jest również nieduża i nie stanowi zagrożenia dla środowiska naturalnego. Jednocześnie pierwiastki takie jak Mn, Pb i Cu mają małą lotność, przez co obserwuje się ich koncentrację w popiele po spaleniu węgla. Z drugiej strony takie pierwiastki jak Cd i Hg ze względu na swoją wysoką lotność ulatniają się w trakcie spalania wraz ze spalinami i dlatego ich zawartość w popiele jest niższa niż w węglu.
Sorption studies, to determine the CO 2 sorption capacity of coal, were carried out using eight ortho-lignite samples of different lithotypes, to investigate the possibility of CO 2 storage in lignite deposits. Equations determining a number of parameters and indicators used to delineate the experimental data and to differentiate the samples examined include: Langmuir isotherms; the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation that describes the theory of volume filling of micropores; and the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) equation used to calculate the volume and surface area of a monolayer. The results obtained were compared with the petrographic composition and ultimate and proximate analysis of lignite. There is a large correlation between sorption and petrographic composition, a positive impact of the Gelification Index on the sorption process and a clear relationship between the sorption (Langmuir and DR) and ash content. The best CO 2 sorption properties were found for xylo-detritic and detro-xylitic lignites. Based on the tests carried out, a preliminary assessment of the suitability of lignite for CO 2 storage can be made.
