The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for assessing the fatigue life of dented pipelines according to the current high cycle fatigue theory. The proposed methodology employs S-N curves obtained from tensile test material properties and includes an expression to estimate stress concentration factors for spherical dents. Finite element analyses are carried out to determine stress concentration factors for different pipe and dent geometries. Using the numerical results, an expression to estimate stress concentration factors of dented pipelines is developed. Additionally, fatigue tests are conducted with the application of cyclic internal pressure on small-scale dented steel pipe models. Different pressure levels are employed, resulting in failures ranging from around 6000 to more than 106 cycles, enabling the determination of the endurance limit and of the finite life behavior of dented pipes. Furthermore, the Goodman and Gerber criteria to account for the mean stress are evaluated in view of the experimental results. The fatigue test results are used to validate the proposed assessment methodology for the analyzed conditions.
Abstract The effect of pressure and temperature on microbial communities of marine environments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons is understudied. This study aims to reveal the responses of marine bacterial communities to low temperature, high pressure, and contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons using seawater samples collected near an offshore Brazilian platform. Microcosms containing only seawater and those containing seawater contaminated with 1% crude oil were subjected to three different treatments of temperature and pressure as follows: (1) 22°C/0.1 MP a; (2) 4°C/0.1 MP a; and (3) 4°C/22 MP a. The effect of depressurization followed by repressurization on bacterial communities was also evaluated (4°C/22 MP aD). The structure and composition of the bacterial communities in the different microcosms were analyzed by PCR ‐ DGGE and DNA sequencing, respectively. Contamination with oil influenced the structure of the bacterial communities in microcosms incubated either at 4°C or 22°C and at low pressure. Incubation at low temperature and high pressure greatly influenced the structure of bacterial communities even in the absence of oil contamination. The 4°C/22 MP a and 4°C/22 MP aD treatments resulted in similar DGGE profiles. DNA sequencing (after 40 days of incubation) revealed that the diversity and relative abundance of bacterial genera were related to the presence or absence of oil contamination in the nonpressurized treatments. In contrast, the variation in the relative abundances of bacterial genera in the 4°C/22 MP a‐microcosms either contaminated or not with crude oil was less evident. The highest relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes was observed in the 4°C/22 MP a treatment.
FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading) units can be subjected to mechanical damage in their side panels caused by collision with supply vessels. Even if the ultimate strength of the panel is not significantly affected by small damage, the stress concentration in the collided region may lead to the initiation of fatigue cracks, considering the long period of operation undergone by these vessels. The aim of this work is to evaluate stress concentration factors (SCFs) in damaged FPSO side panels and estimate their effect on the fatigue life through a theoretical study. A finite element model is developed to reproduce a supply vessel collision and evaluate resulting SCFs under in-plane compression load. A parametric study is carried out considering different damage magnitudes and the results obtained are used to develop an analytical expression to provide SCFs as a function of dimensions of damage and panel. SCFs provided by this expression could be used in a theoretical fatigue life study that can estimate the residual fatigue life of collided FPSO side panels and help to forewarn a fatigue failure under the event of an accidental collision.
Committee Mandate Mandate: Concern for the safety and structural reliability of subsea production systems for oil and gas offshore. This shall include subsea equipment for production and processing, flowlines and risers, with emphasis on design, fabrication, qualification, installation, inspection, maintenance, repair, life extension and decommissioning. Structural design for flow assurance and safe underwater operations shall be considered. Introduction The offshore and subsea industry is getting more complex with higher pressures, higher temperatures and increased water depths. Technology developments and impacts for the subsea industry are driven both by economic factors and by sustainability issues. These factors will enhance for novel subsea concepts like all-electric, new subsea processing technologies, further integration between process control and process safety systems and use of sensors to monitor process condition and integrity of safety systems. This report focuses mainly on the traditional subsea technology related to oil and gas fields where the attention will be on efficiency, safety, environment, digitalization and life extension. This is the second term of the Specialist Committee V.8 Subsea Technology and as the previous report provided a more introductory outline to subsea technology, the following report will focus more in depth on the main trends seen by the industry like autonomous operations and operational challenges to accommodate for higher pressures, temperatures and ultradeep waters. Hence, areas like installation of subsea equipment have only been briefly discussed and operation for emergencies has been left out since this was thoroughly addressed by the previous committee. The next level from electrification is to further explore the concept of subsea power distribution with the goal to provide power, ranging from 750 kW to more than 11 MW, to subsea systems, from pumps to compressors. All the major subsea players like GE Oil & Gas, ABB, TechnipFMC, Aker Subsea and Baker Hughes, are developing different concepts which are further discussed in Chapter 2. Another trend is the need for higher pressure and higher temperature (HPHT) and often in combination with ultradeep waters. One of the fields that have taken the new specifications for HPHT equipment is the 2,000psi rated subsea hydraulic junction plates including connection hardware for deployment at Chevron's Anchor development in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico just put in order. Hence, focus on safe design and new and updated design standards are presented in chapter 3. The demanding subsea environments challenge the boundaries of traditional engineering alloys and our understanding of degradation mechanisms that could lead to failure, new materials and fabrication of these have been discussed in chapter 4. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been identified as a key abatement technology for achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere where pipelines are likely to be the primary means of transporting CO2 from point-of-capture to sites. There is currently a strong interest to explore the use of pipelines for hydrogen transport, hence new pipeline trends and design assessment like strain based and leak limit states are discussed in chapter 5. For the subsea industry, one of the main drivers is to put power on the seabed where subsea facilities are becoming all-electric. This technology will ensure huge capital cost savings for field developments and reduction in CO2 emission will become important. Chapter 6 deals with different riser concepts from traditional steel catenary, top tension and flexible risers to novel concepts like Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) and Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) risers and umbilicals. The Macondo accident was an eye opener for the whole industry, and the Petroleum Safety Authorities of various countries challenged the industry on different levels to mitigate above associated risks and implement barrier management at the design stage. One of the challenges is the increased focus on design of subsea production system for oil and gas offshore in terms of safety and structural reliability of the system and its inherent management. Chapter 7 deals with structural integrity management, including inspection methods and advances in repair systems. The subsea industry faces a combination of market forces from authority, strict regulation and societal pressure over climate change, chapter 8 addresses structural reliability assessment and safety of subsea systems. Several of the offshore fields are approaching the end of their design life and a cost-effective solution to maximize production is to document that life extension is feasible for an asset, different solutions are discussed in chapter 9 including decommissioning.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a new algorithm for assessing the fatigue life of dented pipelines. The proposed methodology was conceived according to the current stress‐life fatigue theory and design practice: it employs S–N curves inferred from tensile test material properties and uses well established methodologies to deal with the stress concentration, the mean stress and the multi‐axial stress state that characterizes a dented pipe. Finite element analyses are carried out to model the denting process and to determine the stress concentration factors of several pipe‐dent geometries. Using dimensional analysis over the numerical results, a non‐dimensional number to characterize the pipe‐dent geometry is determined and linear interpolation expressions for the stress concentration factors of dented pipelines are developed. Fatigue tests are conducted with the application of cyclic internal pressure on small‐scale dented steel pipe models. In view of the fatigue test results, the more appropriate S–N curve and mean stress criteria are selected.
Abstract The degradation of equipment used in production platforms operating in a maritime environment occurs, in most cases, by corrosion defects. High to low pressure separators remain operational but suffer from a progressive reduction of wall thickness by external corrosion. Repair techniques for tubes and pressure vessels using laminate composite material are widely known and already defined by technical standards. However, there are doubts regarding the effectiveness of these repairs when performed near openings, nozzles or other stress concentrators. The objective of the present work is to verify the efficiency of the composite repair and the influence of the defect thickness. To meet these objectives, four vessels were tested until burst. The results showed that composite repair was efficient since the burst pressure of the repaired vessel was considerably higher than its limit pressure without repair.