Timothy Reid

Mercy Health System

Author Statistics

Papers

Citation

H-Index

i-10 index

Research Trends

Author Order

Document Type

Co-Authors

Aleksandra Vlajnic

Sanofi (United States)

Jasvinder Gill

Sanofi (United States)

Michael E. Cobble

University of Utah

Fang Liz Zhou

Sanofi (United States)

R. Keith Campbell

Queen Elizabeth University Hospital

Mansur Shomali

CASI Pharmaceuticals (United States)

Andrew S. Rhinehart

Medtronic (United States)

Rong Zhou

Shanxi Medical University

Charles F. Shaefer

University Physicians Group

Robert Cuddihy

Janssen (United States)

Cooperative Institutions

Therapeutics Clinical Research

Ibero American University

Sanofi (United States)

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Johns Hopkins University

Eli Lilly (United States)

Harvard University

University of Washington

Bridgewater College

University of Pennsylvania

Author Statistics

Papers

Citation

H-Index

i-10 index

Research Field

On the Evolutionary Design of Quantum Circuits

Timothy Reid

The goal of this work is to understand the application of the evolutionary programming approach to the problem of quantum circuit design. This problem is motivated by the following observations: • In order to keep up with the seemingly insatiable demand for computing power our computing devices will continue to shrink, all the way down to the atomic scale, at which point they become quantum mechanical systems. In fact, this event, known as Moore’s Horizon, is likely to occur in less than 25 years. • The recent discovery of several quantum algorithms which can solve some interesting problems more efficiently than any known classical algorithm. • While we are not yet certain that quantum computers will ever be practical to build, there do now exist the first few astonishing experimental devices capable of briefly manipulating small quantities of quantum information. The programming of these devices is already a nontrivial problem, and as these devices and their algorithms become more complicated this problem will quickly become a significant challenge. The Evolutionary Programming (EP) approach to problem solving seeks to mimic the processes of evolutionary biology which have resulted in the awesome complexity of living systems, almost all of which are well beyond our current analysis and engineering capabilities. This approach is motivated by the highly successful application of Koza’s Genetic Programming (GP) approach to a variety of circuit design problems, and specifically the preliminary reports by Williams and Gray and also Rubinstein who applied GP to quantum circuit design. Accompanying this work is software for evolutionary quantum circuit design which incorporates several advances over previous approaches, including: • A formal language for describing parallel quantum circuits out of an arbitary elementary gate set, including gates with one or more parameters. • A fitness assessment procedure that measures both average case fidelity with a respect for global phase equivalences, and implementation cost. iii • A Memetic Programming (MP) based reproductive strategy that uses a combination of global genetic and local memetic searches to effectively search through diverse circuit topologies and optimize the parameterized gates they contain. Several benchmark experiments are performed on small problems which support the conclusion that Evolutionary Programming is a viable approach to quantum circuit design and that further experiments utilizing more computational resources and more problem insight can be expected to yield many new and interesting quantum circuits.

Source

Cite

Citations (13)

Diabetes Management Update: Individualizing Treatment.

PubMed (2019)

Timothy Reid

Diabetes management

Disease management

Source

Cite

Citations (0)

WONCA 2001. Dedication and courage in an African context.

PubMed (2001)

Timothy Reid

Courage

Source

Cite

Citations (0)

Higher concentration insulins: an overview of clinical considerations

Postgraduate Medicine (2017)

Timothy Reid Fryn Schafer Cynthia Brusko

Three higher concentration insulin products (insulin lispro 200 units/mL, insulin degludec 200 units/mL, and insulin glargine 300 units/mL) received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2015. Although human regular insulin 500 units/mL (U-500) was approved in 1997, a pen and dedicated U-500 syringe became available in 2016. These products offer more treatment options for the increasing numbers of patients requiring insulin to achieve and maintain glycemic targets. Higher concentration insulins have some unique safety and efficacy considerations. Important considerations when transitioning patients from the 100 unit/mL concentration (U-100) to the higher concentration include bioequivalence, pen dose increments, and pen appearance. Bioequivalent insulins have similar pharmacokinetic properties and no dose adjustments are expected when transitioning from the U-100 to the higher concentration. In contrast, higher concentration insulins with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared with the U-100 formulation may require dose adjustments. In order to provide safe and effective therapy to patients with higher daily insulin dose requirements, it is important for healthcare professionals to become very familiar with the characteristics of and differences between each of the higher concentration insulins. This paper highlights differences between the U-100 and higher concentration insulins and focuses on practical aspects of use.

Bioequivalence

Insulin lispro

Insulin degludec

Insulin pen

10.1080/00325481.2017.1325311

Cite

Citations (3)

Improved glycaemic control and lower hypoglycaemia risk with reduced prior oral antidiabetes drug therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin glargine 300 U/mL

Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism (2018)

George Dailey Timothy Reid John R. White Jason Chao Fang Liz Zhou

Data from the EDITION 3 randomized study and the Clinformatics claims database were analysed to determine whether insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) could provide insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) with reductions in prior OAD therapy without compromising glycaemic control, and while preserving its known low incidence of hypoglycaemia compared with insulin glargine 100 U/mL (Gla-100).Patient-level data from EDITION 3 and de-identified data from the Clinformatics real-world claims database were analysed.At baseline, 70% of patients in EDITION 3 were on a background of ≥2 OADs. Among the 435 and 437 patients who initiated basal insulin with Gla-300 and Gla-100, respectively, at Month 6, 336 (77%) and 338 (77%) were using ≤1 OAD. Adding Gla-300 or Gla-100 similarly allowed for a reduction in background OAD medication in the Clinformatics dataset (N = 6430), such that, at 6 months postbasal insulin initiation, 14% of patients were no longer taking any OADs. In the analysis of the EDITION 3 study, reduction in OAD burden did not compromise glycaemic benefit, and the low incidence of hypoglycaemia associated with Gla-300 compared with Gla-100 was also preserved. Documented symptomatic hypoglycaemia (blood glucose ≤70 mg/dL) occurred in 30.5% vs 41.0% of patients treated with Gla-300 and Gla-100, respectively (P = 0.0442).Patients with T2D who initiate basal insulin with Gla-300 could potentially reduce their prior OAD use without compromising glycaemic control and with less hypoglycaemia than with Gla-100.

10.1002/edm2.35

Cite

Citations (2)

Improved Treatment Engagement Among Patients with Diabetes Treated with Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL Who Participated in the COACH Support Program

Diabetes Therapy (2018)

Jennifer D. Goldman Jasvinder Gill Tony Horn Timothy Reid Jodi Strong

Persistence with basal insulin therapy can be suboptimal, despite recent improvements in insulin formulations and delivery systems. Patient support programs may help increase adherence. This study evaluated the impact of the Toujeo® COACH support program, which provides patients with continuing and individualized education and advice on lifestyle changes, by assessing its effect on number of refills and days on therapy. The study population included 1724 patients with diabetes who filled a first prescription for insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) between April and December 2015 and received a welcome call from a Guide, and 1724 matched control patients from the Symphony Health Integrated Dataverse® prescription claims database. Control patients received Gla-300 but did not enroll in the program. These patients were matched based on age, gender, location, prior use of insulin, insulin dose, number of concomitant drugs, and copay tier. The COACH and control groups comprised 52% men and 48% women; 22% were aged 18–47 years, 23% were 48–55 years, 27% 56–61 years, and 28% ≥ 62 years. Most (99%) had used insulin in the year before receiving the welcome call. At 6 months, patients in the COACH group had refilled their prescription 3.2 times on average, compared with 2.4 times for control patients (P < 0.0001); at 9 months, the average number of refills was 4.7 and 3.6, respectively (P < 0.0001). The average number of days on therapy at 6 months was 102.2 days in the COACH group and 81.5 days in the control group (P < 0.0001); at 9 months, the average number of days on therapy was 151.9 and 121.6, respectively (P < 0.0001). Patients in the COACH program were significantly more likely to refill their prescriptions and stay on therapy. Patient support programs such as the COACH program could be an effective way to help improve diabetes care. Sanofi US, Inc. and McKesson Corporation.

Concomitant

Basal (medicine)

10.1007/s13300-018-0501-6

Cite

Citations (7)

Impact of a structured patient support program on adherence and persistence in basal insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (2018)

Fang Liz Zhou Jason Yeaw Swapna Karkare Mitch DeKoven Paulos Berhanu

Treatment adherence and persistence are essential to achieving therapeutic goals in diabetes and may be improved by patient support programs (PSPs). The COACH Program was launched in 2015 with the goal of supporting patients with diabetes who are prescribed insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300). The study objective was to assess the program's impact on persistence and adherence with therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes.A retrospective 12-month analysis was conducted to compare treatment adherence and persistence in patients treated with Gla-300 who actively participated in the COACH PSP versus those who did not enroll using COACH engagement and claims data for the identification period from February 1, 2016 to July 31, 2016. COACH (n=544) and non-COACH (n=544) participants were matched on selected baseline characteristics.COACH participants were more likely to be adherent to (68.0% vs 61.4%, p= 0.0201; OR: 1.81, p=0.0002) and persistent (48.5% vs 42.1%, p= 0.0309; discontinuation HR: 0.60, p<0.0001) with Gla-300 than non-COACH patients during the 12-month follow-up after controlling for clinical confounders. Additionally, both insulin-naive and basal insulin switcher COACH participants, respectively, were more likely to be adherent (OR: 2.25, p=0.0082 and OR: 1.662, p=0.0364) and persistent (discontinuation HR: 0.53, p=0.0054 and HR: 0.67, p=0.0492) than non-COACH patients. Finally, COACH participants with greater level of engagement showed better persistence.These data demonstrate that participation and engagement with COACH PSPs are associated with improved persistence and adherence to Gla-300 among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Discontinuation

Persistence (discontinuity)

Basal (medicine)

10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000593

Cite

Citations (12)

Weight Change in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Starting Basal Insulin Therapy: Correlates and Impact on Outcomes

Postgraduate Medicine (2014)

Charles F. Shaefer Timothy Reid George Dailey Melanie Mabrey Aleksandra Vlajnic

Background: An increase in body weight is a commonly perceived effect of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and this may serve as a barrier to insulin initiation and usage. Objective: To investigate the baseline clinical and demographic factors associated with weight gain during insulin glargine therapy, and the implications of weight change on clinical outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patient-level data from phase 3 or 4 randomized controlled, treat-to-target (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≤ 100 mg/dL) trials evaluating basal insulin glargine for ≥ 24 weeks. The Pearson correlation coefficient and Cochran-Armitage trend statistic were used to calculate the existence of a trend between absolute and relative weight change, and relative glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) change from baseline; likelihood of achieving target HbA1c < 7.0%; change from baseline FPG; insulin dose requirements; incidence of hypoglycemia; and adverse events. Results: Eleven studies were included, encompassing a total of 2140 patients. Patients starting insulin glargine treatment gained a mean ± standard deviation 1.8 ± 3.7 kg (4.0 ± 8.2 lb). Most patients had limited weight change (± 2.5 kg or 5.5 lb). Younger age, higher baseline HbA1c, and higher baseline FPG were predictive of greater weight gain (P < 0.0001). Those who gained more weight experienced the largest decrease from baseline in HbA1c and FPG. More weight gain was associated with higher insulin dose requirements, an increased risk of experiencing either symptomatic or glucose-confirmed (< 70 mg/dL) hypoglycemia, and more adverse events. Older patients (> 65 years) were less likely to gain weight or to experience glucose-confirmed hypoglycemia, but more likely to experience severe hypoglycemia. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis of patient-level data, most patients had a stable weight (defined as ± 2.5 kg) after 24 weeks of insulin glargine, and weight gain varied with patient demographics. Therefore, insulin glargine can be used in these patient groups with type 2 diabetes without expectation of significant weight gain.

Glycated hemoglobin

Weight change

Basal (medicine)

10.3810/pgm.2014.10.2824

Cite

Citations (18)

Integrating advances in insulin into clinical practice: Effective utilization of insulin in patient management.

PubMed (2013)

Michael Heile Timothy Reid

The management of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is typically a long-term process characterized by evolving strategies to meet and maintain the patient's glycemic, cardiovascular, lifestyle, and other goals.

Clinical Practice

Diabetes management

Source

Cite

Citations (0)

5 Signs Your Diabetic Patient May Be Ready for Insulin

Timothy Reid

Progressive β-cell failure is a core defect of type 2 diabetes; most patients will eventually need insulin replacement therapy. When is the right time? Here, 5 scenarios that may help you make a decision.

Source

Cite

Citations (0)