A Brønsted acid catalyzed cyclization of o-alkenyl-o′-alkynylbiaryls for the synthesis of biologically relevant dibenzo-fused medium-sized rings has been developed. The outcome of the cyclization is determined by the nature of the substituent at the alkyne, with arenes favoring seven-membered rings and alkyl substituents producing eight-membered rings. These reactions proceed via a vinyl cation, which is captured by water and, notably, by C-nucleophiles, such as electron-rich (hetero)arenes.
Starting from gamma-chlorophenyltetrahydro- and gamma-chlorophenyldihydro-furan-2-ones (2 and 12), some new amides and hydrazides of the acids mentioned in the title were prepared (Table 1 and 2). Of the obtained compounds the following 10, 14, 15, 17, 20--23 show central depressant action.
Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health concern, projected to be a major cause of death by 2040, due to an increasing risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Systems biology‐derived data suggest that the unmet need for an orally available drug to treat AKI and improve CKD outcomes may be addressed by targeting kidney inflammation and, specifically, nuclear factor κB‐inducing kinase (NIK), a key signaling molecule that activates the noncanonical nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) pathway. We have prepared and identified a small family of imidazolone derivatives that bind NIK and inhibit the noncanonical NF‐κB activation pathway. The introduction of heterocyclic substituents in position 2 of the imidazolone core provides compounds with affinity against human NIK. Three candidates, with best affinity profile, were tested in phenotypic experiments of noncanonical NF‐κB activation, confirming that the derivative bearing the 4‐pyridyl ring can inhibit the processing of NFκB p100 to NFkB2 p52, which is NIK‐dependent in cultured kidney tubular cells. Finally, exhaustive docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics studies led us to propose a theoretical binding mode and rationalize affinity measures, in which the aminopyridine motif is a key anchoring point to the hinge region thanks to several hydrogen bonds and the interaction of heterocyclic rings in position 2 with Ser476 and Lys482. Our result will pave the way for the development of potential drug candidates targeting NIK in the context of CKD.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Abstract Gold(I)‐catalyzed cyclization of o ‐alkenyl‐ o’ ‐alkynylbiaryls in the presence of external or internal nucleophiles provides a straightforward access to phenanthrene‐based polycycles, which are of considerable interest in materials science. Thus, their reactions with alcohols yield functionalized dihydrophenanthrenes, in a process that can also be carried out intramolecularly, to provide phenanthrene‐derived heteropolycyclic compounds. Moreover, benzo[ b ]triphenylenes can be synthesized from o ‐methoxyvinyl‐ o’ ‐alkynylbiaryls, in a reaction in which an (hetero)aryl substituent at the triple bond acts as an internal nucleophile. magnified image
Readily available o'-alkenyl-o-alkynylbiaryls, a particular type of 1,7-enynes, undergo a selective cycloisomerization reaction in the presence of a gold(I) catalyst to give interesting phenanthrene and dihydrophenanthrene derivatives in high yields. The solvent used provokes a switch in the evolution of the gold intermediate and plays a key role in the reaction outcome.
Metal-free borylative cyclization of biphenyl-embedded 1,3,5-trien-7-ynes in the presence of simple and inexpensive BCl3 provided synthetically useful borylated building blocks. The outcome of the process depends on the reaction temperature, with borylated phenanthrenes obtained at 60 °C and phenanthrene-fused borylated cyclobutanes formed at 0 °C. Based on DFT calculations, a mechanism for these novel transformations has been proposed, which involves an uncommon skeletal rearrangement, including migration of a methyl group and alkyne fragmentation, unprecedented in BCl3 -promoted cyclization reactions.