Objective. To study the specificity of physical development of children, who live in the extreme weather conditions of the North. Materials and methods. We examined schoolchildren belonging to the non-indigenous population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area. The study included 1424 schoolchildren (751 boys and 673 girls) aged 7 to 16 years living in the gas-andoil producing districts of the area for not less than 3 years. In the course of the study, after measurements of the body height and weight of children in each age-gender group, the arithmetic mean and its standard error were calculated for both somatometric parameters. We performed a comparative analysis of the parameters and the standard reference values of the «WHO Growth Reference 2007» and the results of examination of children belonging to the indigenous population indicated in the literature. Discussion. We have found that during the period of intensive growth, the body height of representatives of the nonindigenous population is higher than that of their same-age peers from the indigenous population. But the definitive indicators of body height have no statistically significant difference. Conclusions. The body height values of the examined children do not significantly differ from the WHO standards, therefore, the «WHO Growth Reference 2007» and the «WHO Anthro» anthropometric calculator can be used in regular medical checkups of schoolchildren. The values of schoolchildren’s body weight are higher than the WHO standards, which necessitates a deeper analysis of the nutrition and physical activity of children. Key words: physical development, schoolchildren, children, non-indigenous population of North
The aim of the study was to assess and compare the main anthropometric characteristics of children aged 8 to 14 years living in three northern cities. Methods. The consisted of schoolchildren living in St. Petersburg (n = 4 621), Surgut (n = 3 606) and Novy Urengoy (n = 1 101). Indigenous ethnic groups were not included. Body weight and height were measured. Arithmetic means (M), standard deviations (SD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Between-groups comparisons were performed by independent-samples t-tests. The level of significance was set as 0,017 using Bonferroni correction. Results. Schoolchildren in Surgut were taller in most age- and gender groups than their counterparts from St. Petersburg. Significant differences in height were observed among 8, 9 and 11 year-olds (p = 0.001 p = 0.015). In weight the differences were observed among 11 and 14 years old (p = 0.004 ÷ 0.006). Significant differences between children in Surgut and Novy Urengoy were observed for body length among 8, 9, 11, 13 and 14 year-olds (p
In order to assess the growth and development of schoolchildren living in a metropolis, 809 boys aged 12 to 15 years were examined in St. Petersburg. Characteristics of indicators of physical development are given according to the norms of «WHO Growth Reference 2007»; the level of puberty - with the help of a phenotypic evaluation according to the method of M.V. Maksimova. The high prevalence of overweight (13.3%) and obesity (12.5%) among schoolchildren was revealed. It is noted that the initiation of the boys’ puberty occurs at the earlier time compared with the data given in the literature.
Введение. В детской популяции во всем мире отмечается рост распространенности неполноценного питания, которое оказывает негативное влияние на физическое развитие, функциональные возможности и физическую работоспособность растущего организма. Цель исследования — выявить взаимосвязь нутритивного статуса и физической подготовленности детей дошкольного возраста при выполнении комплекса ГТО. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовали 3249 воспитанников детских образовательных организаций Санкт-Петербурга в возрасте от 6,5 до 7,5 лет. Исследование включало соматометрию (рост стоя и вес тела) и выполнение упражнений I ступени «ВФСК ГТО» (бег на дистанцию 30 м; челночный бег 3×10 м; прыжок в длину с места толчком двумя ногами и метание теннисного мяча в цель). Оценка нутритивного статуса проведена в соответствии со стандартами WHO Growth Reference 2007. Результаты. Выявлено, что 10,9% участников исследования имеют дефицит веса, а 24,0% — избыточную массу тела и ожирение. Дошкольники, выполнив нормативы «золотого» значка, показали хорошее развитие скоростных качеств физической подготовленности (бег на дистанцию — 79,1% мальчиков и 80,3% девочек) и удовлетворительное формирование скоростно-силовых показателей (прыжки — 57,4% мальчики и 64,5% девочки; р=0,0004). Хуже дети подготовлены к испытаниям на координацию движений: «золотой» значок получили за метание мяча в цель 41,9% мальчиков и 62,5% девочек (р=0,0000); за челночный бег — 31,2% мальчиков и 64,5% девочек (р=0,0000). Во всех испытаниях дети с гармоничным соотношением роста и массы тела более успешны, чаще показывая зачетный результат. Сверстники с ожирением и недостаточностью питания реже справлялись с заданиями. Заключение. Таким образом, физические качества у дошкольников имеют большую вариативность в зависимости от половой принадлежности и нутритивного статуса, что необходимо учитывать при проведении физкультурных занятий. Introduction. In the child population around the world, there is an increase in the prevalence of malnutrition, which has a negative impact on the physical development, functionality and physical performance of the growing organism. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between nutritional status and physical fitness of preschool children when performing the GTO complex. Materials and methods. The study involved 3,249 pupils of children’s educational organizations in St. Petersburg aged 6.5 to 7.5 years. The study included somatometry (standing height and body weight) and performance of stage I exercises of the “VFSK GTO” (running at a distance of 30 m; shuttle running 3×10 m; standing long jump with a push with two legs and throwing a tennis ball at a target). The assessment of nutritional status was carried out in accordance with the standards of the WHO Growth Reference 2007. Results. It was revealed that 10.9% of study participants were underweight, and 24.0% were overweight and obese. Preschoolers, having fulfilled the standards of the “golden” badge, showed good development of speed qualities of physical fitness (distance running — 79.1% boys and 80.3% girls) and satisfactory formation of speed-strength indicators (jumping — 57.4% boys and 64 .5% girls; p=0.0004). Children are less prepared for motor coordination tests: 41.9% of boys and 62.5% of girls received a “golden” badge for throwing a ball at a target (p=0.0000); for shuttle running — 31.2% of boys and 64.5% of girls (p=0.0000). In all tests, children with a harmonious ratio of height and body weight are more successful, more often showing a valid result. Peers with obesity and malnutrition were less likely to perform well on tasks. Conclusion. Thus, the physical qualities of preschool children have great variability depending on gender and nutritional status, which must be taken into account when conducting physical education classes.
Introduction: Studying in higher school is associated with increased intensity of impact of various adverse factors, the combination of which can cause depletion of physiological reserves of the body. Monitoring the health status of students allows timely detection and correction of emerging deviations. Objective: To establish the health status of medical university students in the process of learning. Materials and methods: In 2022–2023, we conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 1,587 students aged 17 to 25 years to analyze their physical development indicators, incidence and prevalence rates. A 36-item short form survey instrument (SF-36) was used to determine their self-rated health. Results: Most students had deviations in physical development largely related to underweight in the girls (21.0 %) and overweight in the boys (18.8 %). Obesity was detected in 4.8 % of the male respondents. 3.9 % of the girls and 1.8 % of the boys reported having acute respiratory infections five or more times a year while 24.2 % of the boys and 11.4 % of the girls had chronic diseases. 55.9 % of the boys and 40.5 % of the girls rated their health as excellent and very good. Conclusions: Health deterioration and deviations in physical development observed in the students by the time of graduation necessitate additional studies of factors that can have a negative impact on their health.
6 449 schoolchildren aged 6 to 18 years living in various parts of Saint-Petersburg were examined with the purpose to study the physical development of children. To assess the level of growth processes international normative Z-score scales for the length of the body (WHO Growth Reference 2007) were used. The majority (65.4%) of the surveyed children and adolescents revealed the average physical development. The number of schoolchildren whose length of body exceeds the average value was higher (26.1 per cent) than the number of schoolchildren with below-average growth (8.5 percent; p < 0.001). High rates of body length in boys were more common (7%) than among girls (4,5%; p = 0.001). Frequency of short stature in girls was higher (1.2%) than in boys (0.7 percent; p = 0.03). Age-specific analysis showed that the average body length at the age of 12 was more common in boys, at an older age in girls. The lowest average level of physical development in boys is at the age of pubertal growth leap (12–15). In girls the highest rate of the number of teenagers with the average level of physical development is among high school girls (16–18) on achievement of the definitive body size. In all groups a shift in the distribution of the variants differing from the average level of physical development in the direction of the higher body length is observed. The obtained results indicate the need for the in-depth analysis of the factors that cause deviations in physical development with subsequent development and implementation of preventive measures.
The article presents an analytical review of scientific research on celiac disease in children in different countries of the world. The prevalence of atypical manifestations of celiac disease has increased over the past two decades. A number of studies in children with celiac disease show that overweight / obesity at the onset of the disease is not uncommon. In addition, there is a tendency to develop overweight / obesity in patients with celiac disease who strictly adhere to a gluten-free diet. It has been shown that among obese children, the prevalence of celiac disease is comparable to the general population frequency. Thus, the diagnosis of celiac disease should be considered even in children with overweight / obesity, when this diagnosis can be easily missed.
The epidemic of obesity affected most of the countries by the beginning of the 21st century. However, the data on the prevalence of obesity among children in Russia are insufficient and were obtained using different methods. Objective. To assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from Russia and neighboring countries using metaanalysis. Materials and methods. We analyzed 56 publications that involved 355,905 children and adolescents aged 1–19 years from Russia and neighboring countries in accordance with the Child Growth Standards, 2006 and WHO Growth Reference 2007. Data analysis was performed using the MS Excel and MedCalc software. We calculated proportions with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs); differences were considered significant at р < 0.05. Results. More than a quarter of study participants (25.3%) were overweight or obese. Children under 7 years of age were less likely to be overweight/obese than those aged 8–19 years (р < 0.001); boys were more prone to overweight/obesity than girls (р < 0.001). Overweight was observed in 18.8% of children and was more common in boys than in girls (р < 0.001). Obesity was more prevalent among children aged >7 years than among young children (р < 0.001); it was more frequently observed in boys than in girls (р < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight varied between 3.9% and 29.1% in different groups of children depending on their age, sex, and living conditions. The prevalence of obesity varied between 1.2% and 25.3%. Conclusion. The trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Russian children and adolescents is consistent with the global epidemiological situation and requires more effective preventive measures. Key words: obesity, overweight, prevalence, children, adolescents, Russia
Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of pediatric evaluation. Different countries use different approaches in pediatric growth assessment. The article presents a comparative analysis of the body length (BL) indicators of modern school-age children in St. Petersburg with regional standards (1991) and international standards (WHO Growth Reference 2007). Anthropometric evaluation was conducted among 6207 children aged 7 to 17 years; the median, standard deviation and centile distribution of the BL values of school-age children were determined. We found that the values of BL of modern school-age children are higher than that their peers had thirty years ago; in boys, the maximum difference is found during the pubertal growth spurt; Non-parametric and parametric indicators of BL in senior pupils of St. Petersburg are higher than in the standards of the World Health Organization; in junior schoolchildren no difference was found. The data we obtained create the prerequisites for the development of modern regional standards for growth assessment of children and school-age children in St. Petersburg and their practical use for pediatric examinations.
В последние десятилетия отмечается рост распространенности неинфекционных заболеваний, связанных с питанием. Недостаточно изучен профиль нутритивного статуса детей в регионах с экстремальными эколого-географическими условиями.
ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Охарактеризовать физическое развитие и пополнить базу данных о пищевом статусе школьников, проживающих на территории Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа (ЯНАО) и Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа — Югры (ХМАО-Югра).
МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ
По согласованию с родителями обследованы школьники 7—15 лет пришлого населения ЯНАО (1248) и ХМАО-Югры (3596 человек). Проведено измерение длины (ДТ) и массы тела (МТ), подсчитан массо-ростовой индекс (BMI) путем деления МТ (кг) на квадрат ДТ (м2). В соответствии с нормативами WHO Growth Reference-2007 выделены варианты соотношения ДТ и МТ: среднее, пониженное питание, недостаточность питания, избыточная масса тела и ожирение.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ
Средние значения BMI у обследованных в ЯНАО отмечали чаще, чем в ХМАО-Югре: у мальчиков 63,1 и 58,3% (p=0,034); у девочек 65,3 и 60,9% соответственно. Избыточную массу тела регистрировали у девочек ЯНАО чаще (14,7%), чем у девочек ХМАО-Югры (10,2%; p=0,003); у мальчиков — 13,0 и 11,8% соответственно. Мальчиков с ожирением было больше, чем девочек: в ЯНАО (16,9 и 11,8%), в ХМАО-Югре (16,4 и 11,1%; p<0,001). Пониженное питание чаще регистрировали у школьников ХМАО-Югры, чем ЯНАО: у мальчиков — 8,2 и 4,9% (p=0,005); у девочек — 10,9 и 7,2% (p=0,009). Выше распространенность недостаточности питания у школьников ХМАО-Югры (у 5,3% мальчиков и 6,9% девочек), чем у детей ЯНАО (2,1 и 1,0% соответственно; p<0,001).
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Результаты обследования школьников совпадают с трендом физического развития современных детей в нашей стране и с мировой тенденцией. Однако, несмотря на значительную схожесть климатических, географических и социально-экономических условий проживания детей в северных регионах Западной Сибири, выявленные нами особенности создают предпосылку для более глубокого анализа причин дисгармоничных вариантов физического развития.
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