Abstract Volatile components are abundant in carbonaceous asteroids and can be important tracers for the evolution of asteroid surfaces interacting with the space environment, but their behavior on airless surfaces is poorly understood. Samples from the C-type carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu show dehydration of phyllosilicate, indicating ongoing surface modifications on the aqueously-altered asteroid. Here we report the analysis of Ryugu samples showing selective liberation of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur from iron-rich oxide, sulfide, and carbonate, which are major products of aqueous alteration. These mineral surfaces are decomposed to metallic iron, iron nitride, and magnesium-iron oxide. The modifications are most likely caused by solar wind implantation and micrometeorite impacts and are distinct indicators of surface space exposure over 10 3 years. Nitridation of metallic iron may require micrometeorites rich in solid nitrogen compounds, which implies that the amount of nitrogen available for planetary formation in the inner solar system is larger than previously recognized.
The habit of some communities in Indonesia, including in the village of Karang Joang, Balikpapan, in handling their domestic waste is to burn the garbage without implementing the 3R concept. It happens because such habit is passing down from generation to generation. In order to be success in changing the habit, the research was conducted to obtain the appropriate waste management model for the community. In the first step, identification of public environmental awareness was conducted by means of distributing questionnaire to 500 residents, and interviewing 5 housewives, 1 grocery store owner. The questionnaire consists of material flow analysis (MFA), asking on the resident environmental awareness for their current behavior and their future potential behavior towards the waste handling. The survey results showed that 76% of the respondents did not treat the kitchen waste into compost. The community has a quite low level on their waste management awareness. Almost all of the respondents (70%) burn their kitchen waste, 10% of them discharge the waste directly into the river without any prior treatment or composting. About 65% of the respondents usually bury their glass and bottle-type wastes in the backyard ground. Although the awareness shows in quite low level, the majority of the respondent (65%) claimed that they are willing to be more environmental friendly, especially to handle their domestic waste. Total amount of garbage generated by the community Karang Joang is 250-300 grams/day/family, with a composition of 60% of organic and 40% non-organic. Those wastes have potency to be reused and recycled. Conditions and data acquired by survey were then being used as basic information on SWOT analysis in order to determine the appropriate model of waste management in Karang Joang. Several models which can be applied are: 1) Operating a village-scale waste bank, 2) Composting the organic waste using the Takakura method and Biopori method to produce compost, 3) Recycling plastic waste into plastic pellets using shredder. Those activities need to be attractive by formulate them into the business opportunity.
Laboratory analysis of samples returned from an asteroid establishes a direct link between asteroids and meteorites and provides clues to the complex history of the asteroid and its surface.
Hospital wastes has a huge impact and harmful to the living creatures around the disposal area, although proper treatment has been performed by using an appropriate waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Ineffective use of an integrated WWTP on wastewater is not be able to fulfill the environmental constitution. It was required more efficient and eco-friendly invention of bioremediation by using indigenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to identify bacteria species and characteristic of bacteria candidates potentially as bioremediation agent. Indigenic bacteria are obtained from wastes of Dr. Darsono Hospital in Pacitan Regency, which becoming a source of organic nutritions (amylum, protein and lypid) for indigene bacteria. The potency of indigene bacteria in decomposing wastes by degrading organic pollutant substances waste can be determined by calculating the hydrolysis index result. In sequence, four species of bacteria potentially as candidates for bioremediation are Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Burkholderia cepacia. There were three isolates classified as amylolytic bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter agglomerans, and Aeromonas hydrophila), Aeromonas hydrophilla clasified as proteolytic bacteria and two isolates as lipolytic bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia dan Aeromonas hydrophilla). Enterobacter agglomerans having the highest hydrolysis of amylum with amylolytic index = 2.94, Aeromonas hydrophila has the highest protein hydrolysis with proteolytic index = 7.80, and Burkholderia cepacia has the highest lypid with hydrolysis index = 7.00.
The recent increase in rainstorm waterlogging disasters has acutely threatened sustainable urban development in China. Traditional strategy to solve this problem is drainage capacity enhancing projects, which aims at enlarging the discharge of water. Recently, there is a new countermeasure emerged in Chinese cities: ‘Sponge City’, which aims at enlarging the absorption of water by increasing the curves of urban land. This article endeavours to make a comparison between these two countermeasures by building a framework to design and analyze the private or social costs of two projects which have the same rainwater control capacity. Finally, we have come to the conclusion that only considering initial cost, Sponge City unit cost is much more than drainage capacity enhancing project unit cost; considering external cost, Sponge City is not only competitive from an economical perspective, from an environmental perspective Sponge City is also competitive.
