Hallvard Gjerde

Oslo University Hospital

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Jørg Mørland

Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Asbjørg S. Christophersen

Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Stig Tore Bogstrand

University of Oslo

Vigdis Vindenes

University of Oslo

Per T. Normann

Oslo University Hospital

Håvard Furuhaugen

Oslo University Hospital

Elisabeth Leere Øiestad

Oslo University Hospital

Ragnhild Elén Gjulem Jamt

Oslo University Hospital

Alain Verstraete

Ghent University

Anne Line Bretteville‐Jensen

Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Cooperative Institutions

University of Oslo

Oslo University Hospital

Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Universidade de São Paulo

Nasjonalforeningen for Folkehelsen

Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

National Institute of Occupational Health

Institutt for Eksperimentell Medisinsk Forskning

University of Bergen

Norwegian University of Life Sciences

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Amphetamine and drugged driving

Journal of Safety Research (1993)

Hallvard Gjerde Asbjørg S. Christophersen Jørg Mørland

Interim

10.1016/0022-4375(93)90031-h

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Citations (10)

Prevalence of alcohol, illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines in killed drivers in four European countries

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion (2013)

Sara‐Ann Legrand Hallvard Gjerde Cristina Isalberti Trudy Van der Linden Pirjo Lillsunde

Our objective was to determine the presence of psychoactive substances in blood of drivers killed in road crashes in four European countries. Data from 1118 drivers of car and vans, killed between 2006 and 2009, were collected in Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden. The prevalence of any psychoactive substance ranged between 31 and 48%. Alcohol (≥ 0.1 g/L) was the most common finding, 87% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥ .5 g/L. Benzodiazepines (1.8–13.3%) and amphetamines (0–7.4%) were the most prevalent psychoactive medicines and illicit drugs, respectively. Alcohol–drug and drug–drug combinations were rather prevalent. Differences in alcohol/drug findings seemed to reflect differences in use in the countries. More research should be done to develop preventive strategies to reduce the number of alcohol- and drug-related traffic accidents targeting at-risk groups, such as drivers with very high BACs and novice drivers.

Psychoactive drug

Psychoactive substance

10.1080/17457300.2012.748809

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Citations (40)

11–Deoxycortisol Induces Hepatic Tryptophan Oxygenase in Rats

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica (1985)

Hallvard Gjerde Grim Gadeholt Harald Olsen Jørg Mørland Nils Norman

Abstract: 11–Deoxycortisol (cortexolone) has previously been used as a glucocorticoid antagonist in vitro and in adrenalectomized rats. Antiglucocorticoid properties of 11–deoxycortisol in intact rats were examined by studying the effect of 11–deoxycortisol on the induction of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase (TO) by corticosterone. No antiglucocorticoid effect was observed. When 11–deoxycortisol was injected into rats, the TO activity increased. This was probably mainly caused by an elevation of the serum corticosterone level. The induction of TO by 11–deoxycortisol was inhibited by metyrapone. However, 11–deoxycortisol (100 mg/ kg) was still not a glucocorticoid antagonist even in presence of metyrapone

Antiglucocorticoid

Metyrapone

Corticosterone

10.1111/j.1600-0773.1985.tb00006.x

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Determination of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Blood by Derivatization with Perfluorooctanoyl Chloride and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Journal of Analytical Toxicology (1993)

Hallvard Gjerde Inger Hasvold Grete Pettersen Asbjørg S. Christophersen

Journal Article Determination of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Blood by Derivatization with Perfluorooctanoyl Chloride and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Get access Hallvard Gjerde, Hallvard Gjerde * National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, P.O. Box 16 Gaustad, N-0320 Oslo, Norway *Address correspondence to Hallvard Gjerde, Thor Olsens g. 5a1, N-0177 Oslo, Norway. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Inger Hasvold, Inger Hasvold National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, P.O. Box 16 Gaustad, N-0320 Oslo, Norway Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Grete Pettersen, Grete Pettersen National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, P.O. Box 16 Gaustad, N-0320 Oslo, Norway Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Asbjorg S. Christophersen Asbjorg S. Christophersen National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, P.O. Box 16 Gaustad, N-0320 Oslo, Norway Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Volume 17, Issue 2, March-April 1993, Pages 65–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/17.2.65 Published: 01 March 1993 Article history Received: 25 November 1991 Revision received: 15 May 1992 Published: 01 March 1993

Methamphetamine

10.1093/jat/17.2.65

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Citations (74)

Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses of Methadone and Buprenorphine in Blood and Oral Fluid in Healthy Volunteers and Correlation With Effects on Psychomotor and Cognitive Functions

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2019)

Maren Cecilie Strand Johannes G. Ramaekers Hallvard Gjerde Jørg Mørland Vigdis Vindenes

We aimed to study the pharmacokinetics of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid after single-dose administration and investigate correlations between concentrations in blood and neurocognitive functions.A 5-way, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-dummy, crossover study was performed to study the pharmacokinetics and neurocognitive effects of methadone (5 and 10 mg per oral) and buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.4 mg sublingual) in 22 healthy volunteers. Blood and oral fluid were collected throughout the test days, and drug concentrations in both matrices were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. On-road driving testing, neurocognitive computerized tests, and subjective questionnaires were performed.Large individual variations in concentrations of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid, and accordingly oral fluid/blood drug concentration ratios, were observed. The mean ratio 6.5 hours after drug administration was 2.0 (range, 0.49-7.39) for methadone after both doses. Buprenorphine was not detected above the limit of quantification in blood after 6.5 hours. No significant correlation between methadone concentration in blood and effect was found. Significant correlations were found between buprenorphine concentration in blood and standard deviation of lateral position in the driving test and some measures of reaction time, divided attention, balance, alertness, contentedness. and sleepiness.Concentrations of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid showed large interindividual variations. No concentration-effect correlations were found for methadone, whereas low to moderate correlations were observed between buprenorphine concentration and driving, psychomotor function, and subjective rating of sleep and alertness.

Crossover study

10.1097/jcp.0000000000001077

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Citations (4)

Ethanol increases rat liver tryptophan oxygenase: Evidence for corticosterone mediation

Alcohol (1985)

Jørg Mørland Leena Stowell Hallvard Gjerde

Corticosterone

Antiglucocorticoid

10.1016/0741-8329(85)90055-2

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Citations (11)

Roadside survey on alcohol and drug use among drivers in the Arctic county of Finnmark (Norway)

Traffic Injury Prevention (2017)

Ragnhild Elén Gjulem Jamt Hallvard Gjerde Per T. Normann Stig Tore Bogstrand

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and potentially impairing drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark and to compare the prevalence among Norwegian, Russian, and other foreign drivers by analyzing samples of oral fluid.In collaboration with local police, drivers were selected for a voluntary and anonymous study using a multistage cluster sampling procedure (selection of roads, time intervals, and drivers within each interval) from September 2014 to October 2015. Age, gender, citizenship, time, and geographical site were recorded. Samples of oral fluid were collected using the Quantisal device. The samples were analyzed for alcohol with an enzymatic method and for 12 illicit drugs and 16 medicinal drugs and some metabolites using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection.A total of 3,228 drivers were asked to participate in the study. The refusal rate was 6.2%. Of the 3,027 participants in the study, 111 (3.7%) were Russian and 204 (6.7%) had citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The total prevalence of psychoactive substances was 4.3%. Alcohol was detected in 0.3%, psychoactive medicinal drugs in 2.5%, and illicit drugs in 1.6% of the samples. The most commonly found substances were the sleeping agent zopiclone (1.1%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1.1%), and the analgesic agent codeine (0.6%). Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers of citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The prevalence of alcohol was somewhat higher among Russian drivers but not statistically significant. There were large differences between age groups and genders concerning illicit drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs; illicit drugs were more frequently in samples from young male drivers, whereas psychoactive medicinal drugs were more frequently in samples from elderly female drivers.The total prevalence of alcohol and drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark was low and similar to previous Norwegian roadside surveys. Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers with citizenship other than Russian and Norwegian and among young male drivers.

Norwegian

Zopiclone

10.1080/15389588.2017.1283027

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Citations (21)

Detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid from drivers as biomarker for drugs in blood

WOS (2015)

Hallvard Gjerde Kaarina Langel Donata Favretto Alain Verstraete

Abstract Aim To assess whether analysis of oral fluid can be used to identify individual drivers with drug concentrations in blood above 25 ng/mL for amphetamine and methamphetamine, 10 ng/mL for cocaine and 1.0 ng/mL for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which are the cut-off concentrations used in the European DRUID Project, by calculating the diagnostic accuracies when using the analytical cut-off concentrations in oral fluid as well as for the optimal cut-off concentrations. Methods Paired samples of whole blood and oral fluid collected with the Statsure Saliva Sampler were obtained from 4080 drivers in four European countries and analysed for amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and THC using GC-MS or LC-MS. The vast majority (89%) were random drivers not suspected of drug-impaired driving. Receiver-Operating Characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the analytical results. Results The prevalence of drug findings above the cut-off concentrations in blood was 1.3% for amphetamine, 1.0% for methamphetamine, 0.6% for cocaine and 1.3% for THC. The cut-off concentrations in oral fluid that gave the highest diagnostic accuracy were for amphetamine 130 ng/mL (accuracy 99.8%), methamphetamine 280 ng/mL (accuracy 99.9%), cocaine 570 ng/mL (accuracy 99.6%), and THC 38 ng/mL (accuracy 98.3%). The proportion of false positives were 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.1% and 0.9%; and the proportion of false negatives were 0.1%, 0.0%, 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively, when using those cut-offs. The positive predictive values were 87.9%, 92.9%, 84.6% and 35.7% for amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and THC, respectively. Conclusions Analysis of concentrations of illicit drugs in oral fluid could not be used to accurately identify drivers with drugs concentrations above the selected cut-offs in blood in a cohort of drivers with low prevalence of drugs.

Methamphetamine

Drug Detection

Benzoylecgonine

Illicit drug

Ecstasy

MDMA

Source

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Determination of mangafodipir trisodium and related impurities in bulk substance and pharmaceutical formulation by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (2001)

Hallvard Gjerde Anita Snøtun Håvard Hem Kristin Hald Larsen Jo Døhl

Gradient elution

10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00500-8

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Citations (4)

Legal limits for driving under the influence of illicit drugs: Large variations between jurisdictions

Forensic Science International Reports (2023)

Hallvard Gjerde Maren Cecilie Strand

Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs is a major contributing factor to road traffic crashes. Most countries have implemented legal limits for alcohol, and some countries have also implemented legislation on DUI of drugs, in most cases impairment-based or zero- tolerance legislation. Based on searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and the internet, we identified several jurisdictions that had defined legal limits for drugs in the road traffic legislation. This included ten European countries, seven US states, Canada, and New Zealand. Most of these jurisdictions have defined low limits corresponding to the "lower effect limits" proposed by the European DRUID Project, and four countries have also defined higher, graded sanction limits, for some drugs. There were large variations between jurisdictions.

10.1016/j.fsir.2023.100336

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Citations (6)