Polymer-based materials are increasingly produced through fused deposition modelling (FDM) – an additive manufacturing process, due to its intrinsic advantages in manufacturing complex shapes and structures at low overhead costs. The versatility of this technology has attracted several industries to print complex geometrical structures. This underlines the importance of studying the mechanical strength of FDM printed polymeric materials, especially their fatigue behaviour in cyclic loading conditions. Conventionally manufactured polymeric materials (e.g. injection moulding) have superior fatigue performance than FDM printed materials. Unlike conventionally manufactured polymers, FDM-made polymers have layer by layer adhesion and the influence of printing parameters make fatigue analysis complex and critical. The influences of printing parameters and printing material characteristics have a significant impact on the fatigue behaviour of these materials. The underlying mechanism behind the fatigue of FDM printed polymers is crucial for the assessment of these materials in structural applications. However, the fatigue behaviour of FDM printed polymeric materials has not been reviewed in detail. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate 3D printed polymeric materials' fatigue properties. The importance of fatigue in the FDM printed biomedical materials is also reviewed, and more importantly, the novel FDM printed architected cellular material fatigue properties are also introduced.
The hazard analysis and management is vital in textile industry to avoid accidents and wasting resources caused by the failures in production systems. Risk analysis is also very significant to decrease possible hazards and to avoid possible damage in manpower & production systems. In this study, an approach based on Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is proposed to analyse the ring spinning yarn production process in a textile industry. First, the possible hazards in the production line, yarn production system, in an integrated company operating in the textile sector are analysed by FTA method. Then, FMEA is applied to ring spinning yarn production process in a textile industry to rank all possible risks corresponding to hazards in descending order with respect to both occupational health and safety. It is very important to remove all possible hazards in textile industry to decrease the number of risks related to occupational health and safety. Therefore, in total of 57 hazard root causes are determined in the yarn production department. Subsequently, the faults related to the hazard root causes are examined by FTA and then risk corresponding to these hazards are prioritized by FMEA. The results obtained from the proposed FTA-FMEA approach show that decision makers and engineers can easily decrease the number of hazards and risks with respect to both occupational health and safety in practice
Erosion resistance of the redmud filled and unfilled sisal fiber reinforced hybrid composites were tested by solid particle erosion test as per ASTM standard G76. Erosion parameters such as erodent velocity, impact angle and erodent discharge rate were considered for conducting experiments and erosion rate was analysed. Taguchi analysis of erosion test result shows that erodent velocity, red mud particle proportion and erodent discharge was prominent in deciding the erosion loss in the composites. When compared to unfilled composites addition of redmud on the polyester composite showed better resistance against erosion wear. Redmud addition changes the ductile nature of the composite so maximum erosion rate was noted at lower impact angle. When increasing the erodent velocity, the erosion rate of the composite was increased. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis evident the formation of plastic deformation and fiber damage on the eroded surface.
This research discusses the moisture absorption and chemical resistance studies on pineapple fiber reinforced Vinyl ester composite. A composite material was developed with pineapple fiber as reinforcement in the Vinyl ester matrix. Pineapple fiber of three different weight percentages 30%, 40% and 50% wt as well as fiber length of 30mm, 40mm and 50mm respectively taken for the study. The moisture absorption and the chemical resistance property of the composite were investigated as per the ASTM standard. Five different chemicals were used to investigate the chemical resistance behavior of the composite. The initial and final weight loss of the composites was calculated to find the moisture resistance property. The chemical resistance property was increased with the addition of treated jute fiber. All the tested composites exhibited positive results on the chemical resistance test.
This chapter addresses the evolution of composites from the early20th century. The history of composites is discussed in detail with real-time examples. The development of composites involves reinforcements and matrices, and their properties are analyzed and discussed in detail. One of the essential matrixes involved in the development of composites is polymer-type matrices. This chapter also addresses the history of polymers, the development of polymers, and types of polymers. In addition, the importance of polymers in the development of composites is discussed in detail. Along with the polymer matrices, the different types of commonly used reinforcements are also presented in this chapter.
The research aims to develop a nonlinear regression based mathematical model to predict the mechanical properties of sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composite (SCVEC) and to develop a new micromechanics based Representative Volume Element (RVE) model for predicting the tensile modulus of the SCVEC material. Also, this research focuses on predicting the tensile properties of the SCVEC using theoretical models and correlating it with the empirical results. It was observed that predicted values from the mathematical, numerical and theoretical models were in good agreement with empirical results. It was inferred that NaOH treated 40 mm fibre length, 40 wt. % sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composite shows better mechanical performance compared to the other composite types. SEM micrographs were taken for analyzing the fracture mechanism of the mechanical tested SCVEC material.
Utilization of bio waste has become more beneficial in the composite research. This research focuses on the influence of impending bio waste (Bio-char) as secondary reinforcement for sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composites (SCVEC). This research also intends to explore the possibility of utilizing the cost effective biochar as filler to improve the erosive resistance of the sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composites. Sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composite with varying biochar weight percentage (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt %) was fabricated using compression moulding technique. The prepared biochar filled sansevieria cylindrica vinyl ester composite was subjected to solid particle erosion with varying erosion process variables like erodent velocity (72, 100, 129 m/s) and impingement angle (30°, 60°, 90°). Full Factorial design was used to conduct the experiments. Effect of erosion process variables and biochar weight percentage on the erosion behaviour of the composite was analysed using statistical tools. Also erosion mechanism of the prepared biochar filled sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composite was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Result infers that utilizing the cost effective biochar as secondary reinforcement improves the resistive to erosive wear of the composite material.
This research aims to study the tensile property of sansevieria cylindrica reinforced biochar tailored vinyl ester composite (SCBVC) using non-linear regression model, and theoretical model with the empirical tensile properties. Biochar is a carbon rich material produced from the biomass during slow pyrolysis process. In our research wood waste was used to prepare a biochar and influence of biochar particulate loading on the tensile property of the sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composite was studied. Biochar loading up to 6 wt. % showed an increase in tensile properties beyond which tensile properties tends to decrease due to agglomeration of biochar particulate. Empirical results were in good correlation with the theoretical models. SEM micrographs showed the failure mechanism of the tensile tested SCBVC.
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