Abstract Attention Training (ATT) is an auditory attention-focusing technique that attempts to reduce the perseverative self-focused processing characteristic of anxiety and mood disorders. The present study investigated the effects of one session of ATT in the reduction and reappraisal of intrusive thoughts in a university sample reporting high levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. One-hundred and eight participants identified their most distressing intrusive thought and spent 7 minutes monitoring their stream of consciousness while recording occurrences of the identified thought. They then rated the unpleasantness of the intrusive thought, their attempts to dismiss the thought from consciousness, and their perceived success in reducing the frequency of the thought. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive one session of ATT, thought replacement instructions (TR), distraction instructions (DI), or no intervention (CONT). Participants then repeated the thought monitoring interval and ratings. ATT was expected to be the most effective in decreasing the frequency and unpleasantness of intrusive thoughts. However, contrary to hypotheses, all groups reported similar decreases across intervals. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The "DAISY" computerised recording system (University of Reading) was used to look at records of Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD) over two 12 month periods in a cattle practice in south west England. Over 24 dairy herds with good records were assessed to include 190 cows in year 1 and 180 cows in year 2 presented with COD. A definition of the disease was established as a fluid filled structure on the ovary exceeding 25mm in diameter with no palpable luteal structure present. The economic effect of the disease was compared both within herds and between herds to assess the importance of the condition. At the incidence levels recorded there was no effect on overall herd performance although the condition did affect individuals quite profoundly. Age incidence showed a lower level of COD in 1st lactation animals. Older cows had a relatively constant incidence which followed the age profile of the herds. The overall pregnancy rate was very high (81 - 89%). Treatments consisted of those with and without manual rupture of the cyst, with and without Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), and with and without Progesterone treatments. Some cases received no treatment at all. The survey showed there was no difference in outcome between treatments involving cyst rupture and those not and that there was no difference between treatment and non treatment involving progesterone or GnRH. GnRH showed a longer interval to subsequent service than rupture or progesterone and there was a lower incidence of recurrence using progesterone treatments. The presenting signs of COD show that in dairy herds with a high level of routine fertility involvement nymphomania or nyphomanism is not common. The clinical presentation of COD in the study herds was 17% at a pre-breeding examination, 58% in cows presented with no observed oestrous, 12% at a negative pregnancy diagnosis, 12% with an irregular heat or service interval. Reviewing data from a variety of veterinary surgeons is difficult. Diagnosis and treatment show considerable bias between operatives and makes it difficult to reach conclusions.
This chapter provides an overview of depressive personality disorder, including its history, conceptualization within the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual, prevalence rates, etiology, characteristics, course, comorbidity with dysthymia and other disorders, and a review of the various instruments that can be used for its assessment. Also discussed is the dimensional approach to personality and its applicability to this disorder, and the impact of depressive personality disorder on the treatment of other psychological difficulties, such as major depressive disorder. This chapter ends with an update of the status of depressive personality disorder in DSM-5 and our recommendations for ways to maintain depressive personality traits in future editions of the diagnostic manual.
Adults with Down syndrome and adults with developmental delays not related to Down syndrome were asked to read, repeat, and formulate speech from a picture following the presentation of 2- and 4-word and picture sequences. The speech sequences were produced either immediately after stimulus presentation or following a 5-sec response delay. Overall, participants with Down syndrome produced more memory errors than persons without Down syndrome. Participants with Down syndrome also committed more speech production errors than the other participants, but only when they were required to repeat what they had heard, or to formulate speech from pictures. The speech production performance of the two groups was equivalent in the read condition. These results are discussed with reference to Elliott, Weeks, and Elliott's (1987) model of cerebral specialization, and to verbal short-term memory in persons with Down syndrome.
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