Carmen González Salinas

Universidad de Murcia

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José Antonio Carranza Carnicero

Hospital Universitario de Getafe

Manuel Ato García

Portland State University

Ester Ato Lozano

Universidad de Murcia

Luis José Fuentes Melero

María D. Galián

Universidad de Murcia

Ma. Dolores Hidalgo Montesinos

Encarnación Hernández del Rincón

Julio Pérez López

Universidad de Murcia

María Teresa Martínez Fuentes

Universidad de Murcia

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María Ángeles Querol Fernández

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Universidad de Murcia

Universitat de Miguel Hernández d'Elx

Portland State University

Universidad de Cádiz

Universidad de Alcalá

Hospital Universitario de Getafe

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable

Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research

Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition

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Temperamento en la infancia: aspectos conceptuales básicos

José Antonio Carranza Carnicero Carmen González Salinas

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El Efecto de consecuencias diferenciales como herramienta útil para mejorar el aprendizaje discriminativo en humanos

María Ángeles Querol Fernández Carmen González Salinas Luis José Fuentes Melero

El efecto de consecuencias diferenciales(ELD) se refiere especificamente al incremnto en velocidad de adquisicion o exactitud final que ocurre en un entrenamiento de discriminacion cuando cada dos o mas estimulos discriminativos se correlacionan con una consecuencia particular. Dicho efecto se ha demostrado con un rango consideerale de sujetos y utilizando diferentes tipos de reforzadores. Sin embargo, los estudios realizados con humanos son escasos(para una revision en Goeters. Blakely y Poling, 1992). Por ello, y considerando su potencial apliacion como posible herramienta de aprendizaje, e la presente tesis decidimos explorar algunas cuestiones relacionadas con el mismo y mas concretamente las caracteristicas de la tarea y el rango de edad en el que podemos encontrar el ELD. En base a los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes experimentos podemos senalar que: (1) el ELD es un efecto general que no se limita solo a las primeras etapas de desarrollo, observandose incluso en adultos sin retraso mental, (2) cuando una tarea es sencilla y se puede resolver facilmente la utilizacion de consecuencias diferenciales no tienen ningun efecto sobrela realizacion de la misma, (3) tanto las asociaciones E-C como R-C parecen influir en la mejora del aprendizaje observada cuando se utiliza en procedimiento de consecuencias diferenciales.

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Reacción de malestar y autorregulación emocional en la infancia

Psicothema (2005)

Ester Ato Lozano José Antonio Carranza Carnicero Carmen González Salinas Manuel Ato García María D. Galián

Distress reaction and emotional self-regulation. The aim of this work was to study distress responses and self-regulation behaviors in maternal separation along the second year of life, identifying both endogenous (temperament, cognitive capacity) as well as exogenous (maternal regulation) factors which can influence these behaviors. Self-regulation strategies were effective in emotional state alteration, so a more autonomous strategies' use were associated to lower distress response, and a more rudimentary strategies' use were associated to higher distress one. On the other hand, while distress response showed a significant decrease with age, strategies' use didn't show significant changes. Finally, the variables analyzed in this work have explained successfully individual differences in distress response and self-emotional regulation.

Emotional Distress

Emotional Regulation

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Continuidad de las dimensiones temperamentales desde el nacimiento hasta los nueve meses: un estudio exploratorio

Julio Pérez López Encarnación Hernández del Rincón Carmen González Salinas María Teresa Martínez Fuentes

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Elaboración de una Adaptación a Población Española del Cuestionario Infant Behavior Questionnaire para la Medida del Temperamento en la Infancia

Psicothema (2000)

Carmen González Salinas Ma. Dolores Hidalgo Montesinos José Antonio Carranza Carnicero Manuel Ato García

El proposito del presente trabajo fue la adaptacion a poblacion espanola del cuestionario Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981) para la medida del temperamento en el primer ano de vida. Para ello, se realizo un estudio longitudinal con 60 familias. Las madres rellenaron dicho cuestionario traducido al castellano cuando sus hijos tenian 3, 6 y 9 meses de edad. Los diferentes indices psicometricos arrojados por las escalas de temperamento muestran en conjunto una gran similitud con los proporcionados por la autora del cuestionario original. Junto a ello, las asociaciones entre dichas escalas pueden ser explicadas desde la teoria actual del temperamento en la infancia.

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Componentes objetivos y subjetivos en el informe materno de la emocionalidad negativa en niños de doce meses de edad

Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje (2001)

Carmen González Salinas José Antonio Carranza Carnicero

ResumenResumenEste estudio, siguiendo el trabajo de Bates y Bayles (1984) y Mebert (1991), propone que en el informe materno sobre la emocionalidad negativa infantile puede identificarse tanto un componente subjetivo (proporcionado por características psicológicas de la madre tales como su personalidad, temperamento y salud mental), como un componente objetivo (dado por el temperamento del niño medido por observadores entrenados, y por variables socio-demográficas como el sexo). Para ello, fueron seleccionados 41 niños de 12 meses de edad (19 niñas y 22 niños). Nuestros resultados indican la presencia de dos fuentes de variación sistemática: (1) un factor objetivo especificado por el temperamento del niño medido en el laboratorio—Tono Emocional—, y (2), un componente subjetivo dado por el temperamento de la madre—Nivel de Actividad durante el sueño, Tendencia a distraer la atención y Persistencia—y por su salud mental—Síntomas somáticos de origen psicológico y Depresión—.AbstractThe study, based on Bates and Bayles (1984), and Mebert's (1991) work, sought to identify subjective and objective factors in infant's Negative Emotionality scores obtained through maternal reports. The former was obtained by assessing maternal psychological traits, such as: personality, temperament, and mental health. The latter through measures of infants' temperament assessed by trained observers together with demographic variables such as gender. Forty-one 12-month-old children (19 girls, 22 boys) were selected. As expected, our results identified two fundamental sources of systematic variation: (1) an objective factor specified by the emotional tone infants exhibited in the laboratory when assessed by trained observers; and (2) a subjective factor provided by mothers' temperament (Activity Level/Sleep, Distractibility, and Persistence) and mental health (Somatic Symptoms and Depression).Extended SummaryNegative Emotionality has been included as a stable characteristic of child behaviour in a great number of studies on infant temperament. Much of this research has been made by developmental and clinical psychologists interested in finding early characteristics that may help to predict later behavioural problems. On undertaking this task, parental reports have been frequently used. Nevertheless, they have sometimes been rejected as a valid measure of infant behaviour because of the poor psychometric properties exhibited by a number of these questionnaires. However, in particular this is due to the close relation between maternal and family processes and infant temperament, indicating the existence of a subjective component in mothers' report. As Sameroff et al. (1982) proposed, maternal measures of infant behaviour seem to reveal infant's temperament as well as the mother's characteristics, but mostly they reveal a complex combination of both. In this line, and also following Bates and Bayles'(1984), and Mebert's (1991) work, we postulate that subjective and objective factors can be identified in infant's Negative Emotionality scores obtained through maternal reports. The former was obtained by assessing maternal psychological traits, such as: personality, temperament, and mental health. The latter through measures of infant temperament, assessed by trained observers, and demographic variables such as gender.Forty-one 12-month-old children (19 girls, 22 boys) were selected from a broader research study on temperament in infancy. Infant's Negative Emotionality was obtained through the Toddler Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire (TBAQ, Goldsmith, 1988) filled out by the mother. Infant temperament was measured in laboratory using Matheny and Wilson's (1981) Developmental Tasks and Rating Scales. Mother's temperament was assessed using the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R, Windle and Lerner, 1986). Mother's personality was provided by the 16PF Questionnaire, (adapted to Spanish by Seisdedos, 1981). Mental health was measured using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (adapted by Lobo et al. 1986).First, we tried to identify both infant and maternal variables able to predict scores on TBAQ's infant Negative Emotionality by running a Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis for each set of variables. Concerning infant variables, Emotional Tone obtained in the laboratory was able to predict infant's Negative Reactivity scores on TBAQ, accounting for 10.8% of explained variance. Infants who exhibited more expressions of negative affect in the laboratory were rated by their mothers with a higher Negative Reactivity score. With respect to maternal variables, some temperament dimensions—specifically Activity Level/Sleep, Distractibility and Persistence—were found to be related and altogether accounted for approximately 30% of explained variance. Mothers with a higher Activity Level and Persistence, and less Distractibility evaluated their children as more emotionally negative. Mother's mental health was also related, yielding 16.6 % of explained variance. Depression and Somatic Symptoms significantly contributed to TBAQ's infant Negative Reactivity. Mothers exhibiting lower Depression and higher Somatic Symptoms gave their children higher scores on Negative Reactivity. These results show maternal influence on infant temperament, but some of the findings are not in the expected direction. This is the case with Depression, which the literature reports a positive relation with infant Negative Emotionality (see Miller, 1995, for a review).Once we had succeeded in detecting variables alluding to objective as well as to subjective components in the TBAQ, a model was specified in the following way: Negative Reactivity (TBAQ) = Emotional Tone (Matheny and Wilson's scales) + Activity Level-Sleep (DOTS-R) + Distractibility (DOTS-R) + Persistence (DOTS-R) + Somatic Symptoms (GHQ) + Depression (GHQ). A Multiple Regression Analysis supports this model, accounting for a 58% of explained variance.In conclusion, two fundamental sources of systematic variation have been identified in infant Negative Emotionality measured by mother's report: (1) an objective factor specified by the infant's emotional tone exhibited in the laboratory assessed by trained observers; and (2) a subjective factor provided by mother's temperament and mental health.Palabras clave: Infanciatemperamentoemocionalidad negativainforme maternocaracterísticas maternasKeywords: Infancytemperamentnegative emotionalitymaternal reportmaternal characteristics

10.1174/021037001316899794

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Malestar y conductas de autorregulación ante la Situación Extraña en niños de 12 meses de edad

Psicothema (2004)

Ester Ato Lozano Carmen González Salinas José Antonio Carranza Carnicero Manuel Ato García

Distress and self-regulation behaviors in 12-month-olds in coping the Strange Situation. The aim of this work was to study distress responses and self-regulation behaviors in 12-month-old infants, identifying both endogenous (temperament) as well as exogenous (adult availability) factors which can influence these behaviors. A modified version of the Strange Situation was administered so that children's behaviors were observed in different conditions: child alone, mother present, and experimenter present. While the frequency in using passive self-regulation strategies was positively correlated with the level of distress expressed by the infants, active strategies were negatively associated with distress. With respect to temperament influence, more fearful infants exhibited higher levels of distress as well as a more frequent use of passive strategies. Finally, adult presence facilitated a use of more autonomous strategies by the children.

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Características maternas y temperamento en la infancia

Carmen González Salinas

La presente investigacion aborda el desarrollo del temperamento en la infancia por medio de un diseno longitudinal que abarca desde los 3 hasta los 24 meses de edad, tomando multiples medidas cercanas en el tiempo (momentos de medida: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 y 24 meses). Utilizando un modelo de regresion lineal jerarquico, he trazado la trayectoria evolutiva normativa de las dimensiones temperamentales de nivel de actividad, ira, miedo, duracion de la orientacion y placer. Junto a ello se ha dado cuenta de la dinamica de las relaciones entre las dimensiones temperamentales en el transcurso del tiempo. Por otro lado, hemos ahondado sobre el componente subjetivo de los cuestionarios, dando cuenta de la relacion entre las caracteristicas de personalidad y temperamento de la madre y el informe realizado sobre la conducta de su hijo.

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Aspectos evolutivos de la autorregulación emocional en la infancia

Anales de Psicología (2004)

Ester Ato Lozano Carmen González Salinas José Antonio Carranza Carnicero

Las diferentes aproximaciones teoricas al estudio de la autorregulacion la definen como la capacidad de los individuos para modificar su conducta en virtud de las demandas de situaciones especificas. Dentro de este campo, la regulacion emocional en la infancia ha cobrado relevancia en los ultimos anos por su probada influencia sobre diversas areas del desarrollo del individuo, especialmente de su funcionamiento social. En el desarrollo de la autorregulacion emocional en la infancia, se han identificado factores endogenos, con especial enfasis sobre la maduracion de las redes atencionales. Como factores exogenos, a los padres se les ha otorgado un papel importante como guias del desarrollo de la regulacion emocional de sus hijos. Por otro lado, las diferencias individuales encontradas en la autorregulacion emocional en la infancia parecen tener un origen temperamental.

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