Abstract In case of images & videos, the encoding philosophy is substantially different as compared to that of speech. The very basic difference between image & speech is that, the speech signals are one dimensional, whereas the images are two dimensional in nature. Modern day images can have the resolution in the range of ‘1024 x 1024’, this means there will 1 Mega Pixels & for color images, 1 pixel is represented by 24 bits (8 bits for each pixel component of red, green & blue), that means there are 24 Megabits in a single still image. In videos such still images are changing at 30 frames per second, so the basic bit rate going to be 30 times of 24 Megabits, this leads to the explosion in information. This demands compression of images at significant extent. In this work, image compression is achieved by using transformation based on modified lifting wavelet structure followed by quantization based on modified set partition in hierarchical tree (SPIHT) algorithm. This modification in SPIHT algorithm helps to reduce the bit stream length of compressed signal to significant extent as compared to conventional SPIHT algorithm. The proposed architecture is developed with Verilog language and simulated with modelsim simulator and synthesized with XST(VHDL/Verilog) tool of Xilinx software under Virtex6-XC6VLX240TD environment. The comparative analysis of proposed system with existing system shows that, there is significant improvement in compression ratio & PSNR.
A carotenoid aglycone Ag-NY1 was isolated from the orange coloured tubular calyx of flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The elucidation of the structure through a detailed spectroscopic study revealed that the carotenoid molecule is crocetin, which is the major aglycone present in the stigma of Crocus sativus. The compound exhibited a good membrane stabilising activity as compared to the corresponding glycoside crocin.
The communication system has become an integral part of human life. The most important block of communication system is oscillator. This paper focused on implementation of different types of oscillator (Ring oscillator, LC oscillator & Voltage control oscillator) for ISM & Wi-Fi band applications using 90nm, 65nm & 45nm technologies using microwind 3.5 software. For ring oscillator developed using 65nm & 45nm saves the area up to 40% & 80% as compared to ring oscillator developed with 90nm technology but for this we have to inject parasitic to get the desired frequency band. For LC oscillator desired band of frequency can be achieved by compromising large area as we need to develop inductor on chip. To overcome this problem the voltage control oscillator (VCO) is designed. The VCO gives desired band of frequency just by changing external DC Voltage, so it is more susceptible to advanced in technology.
Abstract Background: Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ligase, is a negative regulator of immune cell activation1. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Cbl-b resulted in hyper-reactive and co-stimulation independent T cell activation and cytokine production1. In syngeneic tumor models, CD8 T-cell and NK-cell mediated rejection of tumours were observed1. These findings point to Cbl-b as a therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibition of Cbl-b also demonstrated the potential to enhance the efficacy of check-point blockers like anti-PD-1 antibody, an unmet need in the clinic. Methods: Using intuitive medicinal chemistry design supported by computational approaches, we identified a lead Cbl-b inhibitor. SAR was developed using a battery of biochemical assays, functional read-outs and primary human in vitro T-cell activation and exhaustion assays. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated in syngeneic mouse colon tumor model. Results: Our lead Cbl-b inhibitor demonstrated potent binding to Cbl-b, robust anti-tumor cytokine secretion in human and mouse T cells, whole blood and potent reversal of T cell exhaustion. A strong tumor growth inhibition was demonstrated by the lead compound in a mouse colon tumor model. Compared to single agent, a combination of the lead compound with anti-PD-1 antibody induced enhanced complete tumor rejections. Conclusions: We have identified a novel, potent and orally bioavailable Cbl-b inhibitor that demonstrated robust in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor profiles. Acknowledgements: We thank Sanjib Das, Ajit Patil, Gauri Gawas, Savita Pandita, Priya Yadav, Sneha Pusadkar, Mayura Behere, Subhadip Das, Shravankumar Kolli and Radheshyam Yadav for their contributions to the project References: 1. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 204: 14-31, 2020 Citation Format: Murugan Chinnapattu, Sandeep Shelke, Prashant Ingale, Nayan Waghmare, Nanasaheb Kadlag, Manoj Pawar, Akshay Kangane, Sachin S. Chaudhari, Jagmohan Saini, Vidya Kattige, Arti Joshi, Colina Dutta, Debjyoti Boral, Sheetal Kadam, Varada Potdar, Jiju Mani, Pooja Sawant, Megha Marathe, Madhavi Mulay, Akshata Virdikar, Sravan Mandadi, Atul Akarte, Anuj Singh, Chandrasekhar Misra, Pandurang Lambade, Chaitanya Tirumalasetty, Raju Patole, Vikas Karande, Dayanidhi Behera, Pankaj Jain, Vishwanath Kurawattimath, Nagaraj Gowda, Pravin S. Iyer. A novel and potent Cblb inhibitor demonstrates robust immunological profile and anti-tumor efficacy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 462.
The Voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) are the useful and important component in data communication systems and must needed in applications like a modulation, demodulation and clock generator circuits. This paper focused on design of different voltage control oscillator (VCO) topology as basic, output switching, power switching, current mirror and symmetrical load with stability of oscillation frequency is improved 42% in case of output switching topology and stability of oscillation frequency has nearly ideal characteristics in case of supply voltage variation for current mirror topology with 10% variation in supply voltage.
This work gives an effective and efficient approach for image compression which is based on lifting wavelets. Here the image is decomposed into n-level binary sequence; this binary form image is then processed using lifting wavelet transform. The alternate modification of decomposed sequence enables to eliminate the delay of one sample which is more prominently available in compression done with conventional discrete wavelet transform. In this work the compression of image is achieved using lifting wavelets to have 11.05% improvement in PSNR and 35.89% improvement in compression ratio.
Nowadays, the development of VLSI technology mainly directed towards the minimization of semiconductor devices which is heavily dependent on the advancement in CMOS technology. The minimum dimension of single devices in present day's technology is below 100nm in channel length. As CMOS technology dimension is aggressively being scaled down, there are certain limitations on how small a transistor can be developed with conventional CMOS techniques. Hence the transistors are developed with different alternative techniques to overcome these limitations as MUGFET, FINFET & FDSOI techniques. This paper is focused on design of ring oscillator with 32nm conventional CMOS transistor & with 32nm FDSOI transitory in HSpice software. With ring oscillator designed using FDSOI(Fully depleted silicon on insulator) transistor has 400% better supply voltage stability, 200% better process (Gate length) stability & nearly an ideal performance for temperature variation range from 0°C to 125°C as compare with conventional CMOS transistor.
The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t (RORγt) is a master regulator of Th17 cell differentiation and production of IL17A, IL17F and IL22. Recent evidences in animal models and COPD patients suggest a strong role of RORγt-IL17 axis in COPD inflammation and exacerbation. An inhaled RORγt inverse agonist is expected to provide efficacy without potential systemic side effects. We synthesized various novel, potent, selective RORγt inverse agonists for inhaled delivery. The lead compound, GRC39815, was evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo COPD models followed by toxicological assessment in preclinical species. GRC39815 is a highly selective and potent inverse agonist of RORγt with physicochemical properties suitable for inhalation. In RORγt binding and functional assays, GRC39815 displayed a potent IC50 of 3-7 nM and is >390 fold selective over Th1 and Th2 cytokines. It demonstrated excellent selectivity over a panel of receptors, ion channels, transporters and enzymes. In animal models of sub-acute and chronic cigarette smoke induced COPD, intranasal delivery of GRC39815 demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of lung inflammation, emphysema and IL17 immunoreactivity with very low systemic concentrations. In COPD patient BAL cells stimulated with anti CD3/28, GRC 39815 showed potent IL17 inhibition. GRC 39815 had no meaningful effect on hERG, action potential duration in canine Purkinje fibers and was non-genotoxic. Conclusion: GRC39815 is a novel, selective and safe inhaled RORγt inverse agonist for potential antiinflammatory treatment of COPD and currently in Phase-1 clinical trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy adults.
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