Nick Savage

Met Office

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Lucy Neal

Met Office

J. A. Pyle

National Centre for Atmospheric Science

Fiona M. O’Connor

Met Office

Oliver Wild

Lancaster University

Nitin Naik

Aston University

Carlos Ordóñez

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Paul Jenkins

St. Louis Children's Hospital

Stavros Shiaeles

University of Portsmouth

Dominik Brunner

Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Andreas Richter

University of Bremen

Cooperative Institutions

National Centre for Atmospheric Science

Met Office

University of Leeds

Joint Research Centre

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

University of Portsmouth

University of Cambridge

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

University of East Anglia

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Upgrading photolysis in the p-TOMCAT CTM: model evaluation and assessment of the role of clouds

Geoscientific model development (2009)

Apostolos Voulgarakis Nick Savage Oliver Wild G. D. Carver K. C. Clemitshaw

Abstract. A new version of the p-TOMCAT Chemical Transport Model (CTM) which includes an improved photolysis code, Fast-JX, is validated. Through offline testing we show that Fast-JX captures well the observed J(NO2) and J(O1D) values obtained at Weybourne and during a flight above the Atlantic, though with some overestimation of J(O1D) when comparing to the aircraft data. By comparing p-TOMCAT output of CO and ozone with measurements, we find that the inclusion of Fast-JX in the CTM strongly improves the latter's ability to capture the seasonality and levels of tracers' concentrations. A probability distribution analysis demonstrates that photolysis rates and oxidant (OH, ozone) concentrations cover a broader range of values when using Fast-JX instead of the standard photolysis scheme. This is not only driven by improvements in the seasonality of cloudiness but also even more by the better representation of cloud spatial variability. We use three different cloud treatments to study the radiative effect of clouds on the abundances of a range of tracers and find only modest effects on a global scale. This is consistent with the most relevant recent study. The new version of the validated CTM will be used for a variety of future studies examining the variability of tropospheric composition and its drivers.

Seasonality

Chemical Transport Model

Ozone Depletion

10.5194/gmd-2-59-2009

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Citations (44)

Hitting more birds with one stone: CD70 as an actionable immunotherapeutic target in recurrent glioblastoma

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2021)

Mathieu Seyfrid William Maich MV Shaikh Nazanin Tatari Deepak Upreti

ABSTRACT Purpose Glioblastoma (GBM) patients suffer from a dismal prognosis, with standard of care therapy inevitably leading to therapy-resistant recurrent tumors. The presence of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) drives the extensive heterogeneity seen in GBM, prompting the need for novel therapies specifically targeting this subset of tumor-driving cells. Here we identify CD70 as a potential therapeutic target for recurrent GBM BTICs. Experimental Design In the current study, we identified the relevance and functional influence of CD70 on primary and recurrent GBM cells, and further define its function using established stem cell assays. We utilize CD70 knockdown studies, subsequent RNAseq pathway analysis, and in vivo xenotransplantation to validate CD70’s role in GBM. Next, we developed and tested an anti-CD70 CAR-T therapy, which we validated in vitro and in vivo using our established preclinical model of human GBM. Lastly, we explored the importance of CD70 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by assessing the presence of its receptor, CD27, in immune infiltrates derived from freshly resected GBM tumor samples. Results CD70 expression is elevated in recurrent GBM and CD70 knockdown reduces tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. CD70 CAR-T therapy significantly improves prognosis in vivo . We also found CD27 to be present on the cell surface of multiple relevant GBM TIME cell populations. Conclusion CD70 plays a key role in recurrent GBM cell aggressiveness and maintenance. Immunotherapeutic targeting of CD70 significantly improves survival in animal models and the CD70/CD27 axis may be a viable poly-therapeutic avenue to co-target both GBM and its TIME.

10.1101/2021.06.02.446670

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Cyber Security Certification Programmes

Eleni-Constantina Davri Eleni Darra Isidoros Monogioudis Athanasios Grigoriadis Christos Iliou

Although a large and fast-growing workforce for qualified cybersecurity professionals exists, developing a cybersecurity certification framework has to overcome many challenges. Towards this end, an extended review of the cybersecurity certifications offered currently on the market from 9 major issuing companies is conducted. Moreover, the guidelines for the definition of a cybersecurity certification framework as they are provided from the recent Cyber Security Act and framework of ENISA, NIST and ISO/IEC 17024 are covered. A vast comparison among the presented cybersecurity certifications is given, based not only on the cybersecurity domain covered but also the required level of candidate's experience. A proposed certification program has been also analyzed based on the learning pathways and the knowledge areas described in FORESIGHT.

NIST

Futures studies

Cyber threats

10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527974

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Tropical cyclone simulations over Bangladesh at convection permitting 4.4 km & 1.5 km resolution

Scientific Data (2021)

Hamish Steptoe Nick Savage Saeed Sadri Kate Salmon Zubair Maalick

Abstract High resolution simulations at 4.4 km and 1.5 km resolution have been performed for 12 historical tropical cyclones impacting Bangladesh. We use the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting 5 th generation Re-Analysis (ERA5) to provide a 9-member ensemble of initial and boundary conditions for the regional configuration of the Met Office Unified Model. The simulations are compared to the original ERA5 data and the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) tropical cyclone database for wind speed, gust speed and mean sea-level pressure. The 4.4 km simulations show a typical increase in peak gust speed of 41 to 118 knots relative to ERA5, and a deepening of minimum mean sea-level pressure of up to −27 hPa, relative to ERA5 and IBTrACS data. The downscaled simulations compare more favourably with IBTrACS data than the ERA5 data suggesting tropical cyclone hazards in the ERA5 deterministic output may be underestimated. The dataset is freely available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3600201 .

Tropical cyclone scales

10.1038/s41597-021-00847-5

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Energy Efficiency in Underwater Sensor Networks: a Research Review

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review (2010)

Kyriakos Ovaliadis Nick Savage Venetis Kanakaris

In an energy-constrained underwater system environment it is very important to find ways to improve the life expectancy of the sensors.Compared to the sensors of a terrestrial Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), underwater sensors cannot use solar energy to recharge the batteries, and it is difficult to replace the batteries in the sensors.This paper reviews the research progress made to date in the area of energy consumption in underwater sensor networks (UWSN) and suggests further research that needs to be carried out in order to increase the energy efficiency of the UWSN system.

10.25103/jestr.031.25

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Citations (46)

Linking with light [high-speed optical interconnects]

IEEE Spectrum (2002)

Nick Savage

Having proven their worth in long-distance communications, photons will soon take over inside the computer. So some researchers say that, within just a few years, many of the copper connections in computers will yield to high-speed optical interconnects, in which photons, rather than electrons, will pass signals from board to board, or chip to chip, or even from one part of a chip to another. The idea is simple in principle, and parallels telecommunications systems. An electrical signal from the processor would modulate a miniature laser beam, which would shine through the air or a waveguide to a photodetector, which would in turn pass the signal on to the electronics. Though at the moment it is more expensive to communicate with light than with electric current, the day is coming when only optical technologies will be able to keep up with the demands of ever-more-powerful microprocessors, just as they are now the only reasonable way to move the world's Internet traffic across the kilometers.

SIGNAL (programming language)

Optical disc

10.1109/mspec.2002.1021941

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Citations (142)

Embedded YARA rules: strengthening YARA rules utilising fuzzy hashing and fuzzy rules for malware analysis

Complex & Intelligent Systems (2020)

Nitin Naik Paul Jenkins Nick Savage Longzhi Yang Tossapon Boongoen

Abstract The YARA rules technique is used in cybersecurity to scan for malware, often in its default form, where rules are created either manually or automatically. Creating YARA rules that enable analysts to label files as suspected malware is a highly technical skill, requiring expertise in cybersecurity. Therefore, in cases where rules are either created manually or automatically, it is desirable to improve both the performance and detection outcomes of the process. In this paper, two methods are proposed utilising the techniques of fuzzy hashing and fuzzy rules, to increase the effectiveness of YARA rules without escalating the complexity and overheads associated with YARA rules. The first proposed method utilises fuzzy hashing referred to as enhanced YARA rules in this paper, where if existing YARA rules fails to detect the inspected file as malware, then it is subjected to fuzzy hashing to assess whether this technique would identify it as malware. The second proposed technique called embedded YARA rules utilises fuzzy hashing and fuzzy rules to improve the outcomes further. Fuzzy rules countenance circumstances where data are imprecise or uncertain, generating a probabilistic outcome indicating the likelihood of whether a file is malware or not. The paper discusses the success of the proposed enhanced YARA rules and embedded YARA rules through several experiments on the collected malware and goodware corpus and their comparative evaluation against YARA rules.

Malware analysis

Ransomware

10.1007/s40747-020-00233-5

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Citations (23)

Digital calculation of transmission line impedances

Electrical Engineering (1961)

Nick Savage

TWO PROGRAMS for the IBM 650 digital computer have been developed by the Detroit Edison Company for computing the symmetrical component impedances of 3-phase 60-cycle open-wire transmission lines. One program obtains the data for a complete line with due consideration for any changes in configuration from tower to tower; the other obtains the data, on a "per mile" basis, for a fixed configuration. Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the "per mile" program. Limitations on the programs are: 1. Lines are assumed to be fully transposed. 2. Towers carry no more than two circuits. 3. Each circuit has only one conductor per phase. 4. Each tower may have no ground wires, one ground wire, or two identical ground wires

Line (geometry)

Characteristic impedance

10.1109/ee.1961.6433243

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Strengthening seasonal forecasting in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) through the WISER Programme.

Stefan Lines Nick Savage Rebecca Parfitt Andrew Colman alex Chamberlain-Clay

In this presentation, we introduce the WISER MENA projects SeaFOAM (Seasonal Forecasting Across MENA) and SeaSCAPE (Seasonal Co-Production and Application in MENA). These projects explore both the improvement to the regional-level seasonal forecast in the MENA region, as well as how to tailor the information in ways useful to a range of climate information stakeholders. SeaFOAM works alongside Maroc Meteo, Morocco's National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (NMHS) and the Long Range Forecasting node of the Northern Africa WMO Regional Climate Centre (RCC), to develop a framework for objective seasonal forecasting. This approach will blend techniques such as bias correction via local linear regression and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), with skill-assessed sub-selected models, to improve forecasting accuracy. Multiple drivers of rainfall variability, including the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), are investigated for their calibration potential. SeaSCAPE works with the WMO and various partners across MENA to understand the use of seasonal information in multiple sectors, exploring existing gaps and needs. Through stakeholder engagement workshops, training and bespoke support for the Arab Climate Outlook Forum (ArabCOF), SeaSCAPE operates collaboratively to tailor regional and national-level climate information to improve accessibility and usability of climate information on seasonal timescales.

10.5194/egusphere-egu24-17418

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Comparison and visualisation of high‐resolution transport modelling with aircraft measurements

Atmospheric Science Letters (2005)

Fiona M. O’Connor G. D. Carver Nick Savage J. A. Pyle John Methven

Abstract This article presents a case study of a comparison of an Eulerian chemical transport model (CTM) and Lagrangian chemical model with measurements taken by aircraft. High‐resolution Eulerian integrations produce improved point‐by‐point comparisons between model results and measurements compared to low resolution. The Lagrangian model requires mixing to be introduced in order to model the measurements. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society

10.1002/asl.111

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Citations (31)