From the 1990s onwards the World Health Organization (WHO) has been proposing palliative care as a key element of health care systems, to be inserted into mainstream planning and organization. Accordingly, WHO Public Health Palliative Care Programmes have been implemented. These programmes are defined as the systematic application of several measures to improve the care of advanced and terminal patients and their families at a population level either at the sector, regional, or national level. This chapter describes the principles, aims, and elements of WHO Public Health Programmes.
Background: Care models for advanced chronic patients present two key aspects: early identification and advanced care planning (ACP). In 2014, Catalonia arranged the ACP Model (ACPM), addressed to chronic patient’s complex needs, into a public health-social system (HSS).Aims: Describe the implementation process (IP) of an ACPM.Methods: A core group of professionals (n=55) was convened to develop the ACPM with the co-participation of patients, caregivers, social agents and healthy persons. Inclusion criteria included: solid professional trajectory, equal representation as for territory and professional profile.Four work levels were defined: conceptual document (CD) and implementation guide (IG) elaboration; training program (ITP) development; building-up of patients, professionals and healthy persons discussion groups (DG).The CD and IG were written with the agreement of expert professionals in legislation, ethics, medical specialities, nursing, anthropology, social work and psychology. The ITP is being created, as a key aspect of the IP.Results: CD and IG have been published. Simultaneously, DGs are established so as to make the CD a work product of high quality. The ITP is currently being developed, based on CD and IG contents. These documents have been reviewed by around 100 professionals from the Catalan HSS.The ITP contents focus on communication skills; legal and ethical aspects; patient and family needs.Discussion: ACP is a challenge for the model of care towards advanced chronic patients.Conclusions: ACP is a challenge for the model of care towards advanced chronic patients. The Catalan Model of ACP establishes the conceptual and pragmatic foundations of ACP and develops the training of the professionals daily taking care of such type of patients.
Nursing home (NH) residents commonly face limitations in basic activities of daily living (BADLs), following a hierarchical decline. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for personalized care. This study explores factors associated with early, middle, and late loss in BADLs among NH residents. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 NHs in Catalonia, Spain. Dependent variables were related to limitations in BADLs: early loss (self-care-related BADLs: personal hygiene, dressing, or bathing), middle loss (mobility-related BADLs: walking or wheelchair handling, toileting, and transferring), and late loss (eating). Independent variables were based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment and institutional factors. Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analyses. The study included 671 older adults. Early loss in BADLs was significantly associated with urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, and falls. Middle loss in BADLs was linked to fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, ulcers, and cognitive impairment. Late loss in BADLs was associated with fecal incontinence, the NH not owning a kitchen, neurological disease, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, polypharmacy, and weight loss. These findings highlight the need to address geriatric syndromes, especially cognitive impairment and bladder/bowel incontinence. Monitoring these syndromes could effectively anticipate care dependency. The presence of kitchens in NHs may help to address limitations to eating, allowing for potential personalized meal adaptation.