Opportunistic Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) offer versatile solutions in contexts where the Internet is unavailable. These networks facilitate the transmission between endpoints using a store-carry-forward strategy, thereby allowing information to be stored during periods of disconnection. Consequently, selecting the next hop in the routing process becomes a significant challenge for nodes, particularly because of its impact on Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, routing strategies are crucial in opportunistic MANETs; however, their deployment and evaluation in real scenarios can be challenging. In response to this context, this paper introduces a monitoring software-driven tool designed to evaluate the QoS of routing algorithms in physical opportunistic MANETs. The implementation and its components are detailed, along with a case study and the outcomes provided by an implementation of the proposed solution. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the implementation in enabling the analysis of routing protocols in real scenarios, highlighting significant differences with simulation results: mobility patterns in simulations tend to be inaccurate and overly optimistic, leading to a higher delivery probability and lower latency than what is observed in the real testbed.
Abstract There are contexts where communication with TCP/IP protocol is not possible due to the lack of infrastructure or a reliable and continuous data transmission. In this cases, alternatives such as Opportunistic Networks (OPPNets) are valid. Such challenging conditions are common in rural areas and are a significant obstacle for the deployment of eHealth technologies for older adults. Considering this context, the present work introduces Interest-based System for Communication in Isolated Areas (ISCA), an OPPNet architecture for remote monitoring and emergency detection in ageing people who live alone. For this, the energetic requirements are considered, providing efficient and sustainable operation. The proposal makes use of a routing algorithm based on interests which enables asynchronous communication among entities. ISCA is evaluated over a realistic scenario and compared with similar state-of-the-art solutions. Experimental results show that ISCA notably improves the delivery probability with an enhancement of 52.25% in comparison to the second best alternative and provides a suitable average latency. Moreover, it also achieves better performance in terms of overhead and hops number compared to the other studied protocols
We present a methodology for achieving energy savings in excess of 30% in Wide Area Networks. The approach applies a limited set of pre-calculated network topology configurations derived via a Genetic Algorithm across the day. The GA determines the minimum set of resources required in order to support a given traffic demand. Information gleaned from SNMP trap messages, triggered by the use of a link utilization threshold, determine when to switch between configurations. The threshold employs moving average smoothing and is discretely readjusted over the course of a daily cycle based on anticipated basal load variations. By exploiting MT-OSPF this approach provides a scalable and flexible means of reconfiguring an infrastructure that avoids routing discontinuities, excessive computational effort and the exchange of considerable volumes of control information.
En los últimos años, la conciencia por la eficiencia energética se ha instalado de lleno en el seno de la sociedad. Aunque la comunidad investigadora ha realizado grandes esfuerzos en proponer soluciones para reducir el consumo de energía de las redes de comunicaciones, la mayoría de estas propuestas están pensadas para redes IP, para las cuales es necesaria la coordinación entre los distintos elementos que las componen. La aparición de las redes SDN (Software-Defined Networking) y el desacople del plano de datos del plano de control abre nuevos caminos para proponer algoritmos energéticamente eficientes a ejecutar por parte de un elemento lógicamente centralizado, el controlador SDN. En este artículo se propone un algoritmo basado en el comportamiento de las colonias de hormigas que permite la elección óptima, en términos de eficiencia energética, de los modos de operación de los enlaces de la red. Los resultados obtenidos tras su ejecución sobre topologías de red reales indican que es posible conseguir un ahorro de energía significativo, en torno al 30% para el caso en que la función de energía de los enlaces de la red sea de tipo lineal.
With the increasing tendency on data rates in forthcoming communication networks, availability is a crucial aspect to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The possibility of predicting the lifetime of networking hardware can be a key to improve the overall network QoS. This paper proposes a generic Machine Learning (ML) based framework that learns how to mimic the mathematical model behind the lifetime of network line cards. Results show that a good precision (85%) and recall (close to 100%) on the estimation can be achieved regardless the type of line cards the network is composed of.
The advent of the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm represents a great opportunity for the definition of new network management solutions. In this work, we focus on the definition and implementation of a novel technique to solve the Traffic Matrix Assessment (TMA) problem from the perspective of an Internet Service Provider. Since the migration from legacy IP networks to fully-deployed SDN ones needs to be incremental due to budget and technical constraints, this paper proposes a mixed measurement and estimation scalable solution for hybrid IP/SDN networks to accurately solve the TMA problem by exploiting the availability of flow rule counters in SDN switches. The performance evaluation shows that our error-tolerant solution is able to assess the TM with a negligible estimation error by only measuring a small percentage of traffic flows, overcoming other state-of-the-art algorithms proposed in the literature. Moreover, the performance analysis of the proposed implementation using the OpenDaylight controller over an emulated network environment, shows that a trade-off between the quality of the assessed TM and its impact on the network in terms of control messages can be found by properly tuning the number of measured flows.
Due to the high growth of mobile networks and portable devices, learning process is evolving from desktop computer to mobile devices. In this sense, technologies and services that support this change are also evolving. The appearance of portable devices has made users to take part in this process from anywhere. On the other hand, architectures used in a mobile learning environment are designed to offer users the ability of participate in learning activities from its embedded devices. Campus Ubicuo is a mobile architecture over which learning services can be developed. The successful of any mobile learning platform fundamentally depends on the quality in learning services and also in the good operation of wireless technologies. In this chapter, we focus on this second aspect. We have evaluated the behaviour of wireless technologies in a mobile learning architecture when different services are offered through diverse networks.
The increased capabilities of embedded devices have made them smarter and able to adapt themselves to their users' needs and preferences. Nevertheless, this adaptation has been limited to a single device or to a small number of them. Moreover, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm requires to coordinate a huge number of devices and to adapt them to their users' context, which will lead to an increase in the traffic exchanged between these devices and the cloud. In this paper, the definition of Opportunistic Context-Virtual Networks (OCVNs), and a novel routing algorithm, namely Situational and Adaptive Context-Aware Routing (SACAR), are proposed to dynamically adapt the users context to the opportunistic IoT network environment they belong to at a given time. By taking advantage of the computing capacities of the nodes, and under simulations over a realistic reference scenario, SACAR outperforms other well-known opportunistic routing algorithms in terms of packet delivery ratio, reducing both average latency and network overhead.