A field experiment was conducted in the sandy loam soil of Kanke, Ranchi during Kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005, to find out most effective combinations of intercrops and herbicides for controlling weeds in Kharif maize.The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design comprising five cropping systems, i.e., sole maize, sole soybean, sole groundnut, intercropping of maize+soybean (1:2) and intercropping of maize+groundnut (1:2) as main plots and five weed management practices, i.e., weedy check, weeding thrice at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing, oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i.ha -1 as pre-emergence, alachlor @ 2.0 kg a.i.ha -1 as preemergence and butachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i.ha -1 as pre-emergence + quizalofop-ethyl @ 100 ml ha -1 as post emergence, as sub plot treatments, replicated thrice.The result showed that maize intercropped with soybean and hand weeded thrice has lowest weed density and weed dry weight, which were statistically at par with that of maize intercropped with soybean and sprayed with oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i.ha -1 as pre-emergence.The highest maize equivalent yield of 8039 kg ha -1 was recorded with maize+groundnut and hand weeded thrice, which was found to be statistically at par with maize+groundnut, treated with oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i.ha -1 as preemergence and maize+soybean, treated with oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i.ha -1 as pre-emergence, having maize equivalent yields of 7595 kg ha -1 and 7189 kg ha -1 , respectively.The highest net return was recorded from the intercropping of maize+groundnut, treated with oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i.ha -1 as pre-emergence, which can be used as the most effective and profitable combination in controlling weeds in Kharif maize.
Problem statement: Application scenarios of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) create interesting design challenges since the sensor nodes used to collect and communicate data may fail suddenly and unpredictably. The issue of real-time and reliable data delivery is extremely important for taking effective decisions in WSN. Approach: In this study we proposed architecture for reliable and real-time approach for data placement using sensor clusters. Instead of storing information in individual cluster heads as suggested in some protocols, in our architecture we suggest storing of information of all clusters within a cell in the corresponding base station. For data dissemination and action we have used Action and Relay Stations (ARS). Results: We developed programming model for formal specification of our architecture. Conclusion: Present model not only offers real time sensing and monitoring, but also provides real time dynamic decision making based on the sensed data. Moreover it prolongs network life time.
Abstract A case-study has been done to analyze the 500 MW boiler performance located in middle part of India, manufactured by M/s BHEL (C.E. design). At the power plant consideration, it was observed that they were operating the boiler with high excess air and the soot blowers were being operated once in 10 days. In this paper, an attempt has been made to increase the efficiency of the boiler by making certain changes such as reduction in excess air and increasing the frequency of using soot blowers. It was concluded that the efficiency of the boiler can be improved by at least 1.41% over the existing efficiency. For the evaluation of boiler efficiency the “heat losses method” was applied. With an increase of efficiency by 1.41%, 30,000 MT of fuel can be saved as compared to annual consumption of 2.38 million tonnes of coal for 500 MW boilers. By this we can secure access to all sources of energy including coal, oil and gas supplies worldwide for boilers, till the end of the fossil fuel era, which is fast approaching and it will ensure us that our country will be able to supply energy to all its citizens at affordable costs at all times.
Crises management is a challenging problem for homeland security. The challenging aspect in crisis management is the early assessment of needs and damages. The existing approaches are quite unstructured in nature which results in poor resource management and hence inefficient. In this paper, the architecture for reliable and real time approach by using sensor clusters has been proposed for storage management. Instead of storing information in an individual cluster head as suggested in some approaches, storing of information of all clusters, inside the cell is recommended within the corresponding base station. It is assumed that the sensor nodes are aware of their locations in their deployment area, and they are time synchronized. For data dissemination and action in the wireless sensor network the usage of Action and Relay Stations (ARS) has been proposed. In the designed model sensor nodes are deployed prior to a crisis and the sensed information is stored. In case of emergency stored information is queried to get the report of humans trapped under rubble. It is also used to set the objectives and policies for emergency assistance. Keywords: Crisis management; Data persistent; Decentralization; Reliability; Clustering; Base station; Action and Relay Stations (ARS)
Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon caused by change in stream regime from supercritical to sub - critical flow with considerable energy dissipation and rise in depth of flow. Hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipater to dissipate excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures, such as spillway, sluice gates etc. This excess energy, if left unchecked, will have adverse effect on the banks and the bed. A review of literature has shown that earlier researcher have studied the hydraulic jump characteristics in terms of approach Froude number (Fr1) only. In the present paper hydraulic jump in horizontal prismatic channel has been studied and analyzed considering the effect of both approach Froude number and incoming Reynolds number (Re1). Empirical models for relative length and relative energy loss of free hydraulic jump based on experimental data using Buckingham jc- theorem and regression analysis have been developed considering the effect of approach Froude number and incoming Reynolds number. The developed empirical computational model is validated using Bhutto (1987) data.
Mokama tall (lake) area is located in central Bihar (India). It is ephemeral in nature and comprises a group of seven continuous tall. It is spread over a rest area and acts as a delta to several rivers that flow into it. This area is suffering due to stagnation of water during monsoon period; it is submerged under 4 to 6 meter deep water during monsoon. Cultivation of rainy season crops over it is not possible, even cultivation of winter season crops suffers if the drainage and reclamation of the area get delayed beyond sowing time (15 October); thereafter, this is a mono-cropped area with very low productivity. Though the fertility status of soil is good yet the quantity and quality of produce is poor. This is considered to be the main problem. A number of schemes have been executed to solve this but without any substantial success. The diara land is found in between the natural levees of the river and formed due to its meandering and course changing behaviour. The topography of diara land is mostly undulating and intersected with numerous dead and disconnected channels;- Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are reliable techniques to prepare a comprehensive inventory of land use pattern of an area. The tall and Diara which are rich biodiversity of and biological resources, have not been given due attention and multiple uses of various resources have not been attempted. In this paper, authors have presented general features of the tall and diara lands; existing cropping pattern and sowing time, soil characteristics and major problems. Involvement of appropriate holistic management strategies have been suggested to improve the agricultural production in this area.
The rapid population growth has driven the demand for more food, fiber, energy, and water, which is associated to an increase in the need to use natural resources in a more sustainable way. The growing connectivity in the rural environment, in addition to its greater integration with data from sensor systems, remote sensors, equipment, and smart-phones have paved the way for new concepts from the so-called digital agriculture. The information that crops offer is turned into profitable decisions only when efficiently managed. Current advances in data management are making Smart Farming grow exponentially as data have become the key element in modern agriculture to help producers with critical decision-making. Valuable advantages appear with objective information acquired through sensors with the aim of maximizing productivity and sustainability. These kind of data-based managed farms rely on data that can increase efficiency by avoiding the misuse of resources and the pollution of the environment. Data-driven agriculture, with the help of robotic solutions incorporating artificial intelligent techniques, sets the grounds for the sustainable agriculture of the future. Digital agriculture offers far-reaching opportunities for accelerating agricultural transformation. Although there are concerns that digital agriculture will enhance the market power of large agribusiness enterprises and increase the digital divide, a combination of new actors and public action can help accelerate the supply of digital agricultural technology, manage threats of market concentration, and harness the opportunities of digital agriculture for all.
The agriculture industry has radically transformed over the past 50 years. Advances in machinery have expanded the scale, speed, and productivity of farm equipment, leading to more efficient cultivation of more land. Seed, irrigation, and fertilizers also have vastly improved, helping farmers increase yields. Now, agriculture is in the early days of yet another revolution, at the heart of which lie data and connectivity. Artificial intelligence, analytics, connected sensors, and other emerging technologies could further increase yields, improve the efficiency of water and other inputs, and build sustainability and resilience across crop cultivation and animal husbandry. This paper reviews the current status of advanced farm management systems by revisiting each crucial step, from data acquisition in crop fields to variable rate applications, so that growers can make optimized decisions to save money while protecting the environment and transforming how food will be produced to sustainably match the forthcoming population growth.
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