The aim of the study was to investigate if myostatin dysfunction would promote the gain in muscle mass and peak isometric force (P0 ) of soleus muscle (SOL) in response to functional overloading (FO) after ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle. Fifteen male Berlin high (BEH) mice homozygous for the compact mutation causing dysfunction of myostatin and 17 mice with the corresponding wild-type allele (BEH+/+) were subjected to FO of SOL for 28 days at the age of 14 weeks. Compared with BEH+/+ mice, SOL of BEH was heavier (mean ± SD, 13.5 ± 1.5 vs 21.4 ± 1.8 mg, respectively, P < 0.001). After FO, SOL mass increased relatively more in BEH+/+ than BEH strain (34.9 ± 11.5 vs 17.7 ± 11.9%, respectively, P < 0.01). P0 fell (P < 0.01) only in BEH strain, which also showed an increase (P < 0.01) in optimal muscle length. Specific P0 became even more depressed in BEH compared with BEH+/+ strain (8.4 ± 1.4 vs 10.8 ± 1.3 N/g, respectively, P < 0.001). Phosphorylation p70 S6 kinase did not differ between the strains. In summary, myostatin dysfunction impairs adaptation of SOL muscle to high functional demands.
Obesity and diabetes, one of the most common diseases can cause a several complications.In diabetic patient with type 2 we mainly use an oral medication with varies mechanism of action such as: GLP-1 medication.To look at semaglutide's (a new glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist; GLP-1 RA) effectiveness in treating individuals with diabetes and obesity.We followed the guidelines of the PRISMA checklist for conducting this study.On 23rd October 2022, we run a systematic search ""semaglutide", "GLP1", ''diabetes type 2'', ''obese'' and ''HBA1C''" in five databases named: Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Virtual Health Library and Web of Science.We included 18 papers.Subcutaneous semaglutide was used in ten placebo-controlled and seven activecontrolled trials, including nine hundred fifty-five participants.We were only able to locate one oral semaglutide experiment.When compared to a placebo, subcutaneous semaglutide 0.5 and 1 mg reduced HbA1c by 1.01% (95% CI 0.56 to 1.47, I2=93%) and 1.38% (1.05 to 1.70, I2=90%), respectively.The glycemic effectiveness of both dosages was superior to that of other antidiabetic drugs such as insulin glargine, liraglutide, dulaglutide, sitagliptin, and exenatide.Systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and body weight are all significantly reduced by semaglutide, a potent once-weekly GLP-1 RA.Nonetheless, there is a higher likelihood of gastrointestinal side effects with it.Results regarding pancreatitis and retinopathy should be evaluated in further post-approval pharmacovigilance studies and interpreted cautiously.
Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and can be a very rapid heart rate disorder.It is a type of arrhythmia that increases the risk of stroke and associated with increasing the risk of heart failure and all-cause mortality.Warfarin has been commonly prescribed in the treatment and prevention of different thromboembolic conditions including the atrial fibrillation.However, in recent years, several new oral anticoagulant medications with a direct and reversible inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of thrombin (dabigatran) or factor Xa (apixaban and rivaroxaban) in the coagulation cascade have been developed and approved by the FDA as an equivalent to warfarin or even more effective.We are doing this study to show the prevalence of those three drugs compared to warfarin and to estimate the patient's eligibility for using warfarin compared to the new oral anticoagulants.Method: Retrospective study, at Cardiology department at King Abdullah Medical city (KAMC) in Makkah.Result: We screened a total of 267 patients, out of 144 patients who were taking DOACs, 97 (74.6%) were included.And out of 123 patients who were taking warfarin, 33 (25.4%) of them were included.Patients were excluded because they don't have the right diagnosis, or do not have INR or serum creatinine results.Pregnant and lactating women were also excluded.Conclusion: Since FDA approval, apixaban and dabigatran use in AF has increased dramatically compared to warfarin which was diminished.In patients with AF, risks of stroke/SE and major bleeding were lower with DOACs versus warfarin.However, it is vital to perform continuous monitoring of these medication effectiveness.
The H55N polymorphism in the Cs gene of A/J mice has been linked to low activity of the enzyme in skeletal muscles. The aim of the study was to test this hypothesis and examine effects of low citrate synthase (CS) activity on palmitate metabolism in muscle cells. Results of the study showed that carriers of the wild type (WT) Cs (C57BL/6J and Balb/cByJ mouse strains) had higher CS activity (p < 0.01) than carriers of the A/J variant (B6.A-(rs3676616-D10Utsw1)/KjnB6 and A/J mouse strains) in the heart, liver and gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, the recombinant CS protein of WT showed higher CS activity than the A/J variant. In C2C12 muscle cells the shRNA mediated 47% knockdown of CS activity reduced the rate of fatty acid oxidation compared to the control cells. In summary, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that H55N substitution causes a reduction in CS activity. Furthermore, low CS activity interferes with metabolic flexibility of muscle cells.
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) is now considered a public health emergency of that concerns the whole globe. The aminoquinoline drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) are now in increased use globally as a potential, albeit unproven, treatment option for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This mini review highlights the main information's gathered of using the therapeutic role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease -19.
Keywords: Covid-19, therapeutic, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, review
Clinical pharmacists can help to identify, solve and prevent drug-related problems (DRPs) through appropriate interventions. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify DRPs, their causes and to evaluate how the clinical pharmacists' interventions can impact on them in the medicine department at the Military Hospital, Omdurman, Sudan. A total of 100 files belonging to patients admitted between September 2018- March 2019 were analyzed in this study according to specific criteria, of which 170 Clinical pharmacists' Intervention (CPIs) were made, and 152 DRPs were identified. The most common DRP found was untreated indication (not prescribed drug but clear indication) accounting for 32.9% (n=50) of total studied cases, followed by subtherapeutic dose 14.5% (n=22), and drug interactions 12.5% (n=19). Interventions were made by clinical pharmacists based on the type of DRP. The acceptance of intervening pharmacist suggestions was found to be 57.6% (n=98), the remaining 41.8% (n=71) of interventions were not accepted. The study highlighted that the participation of clinical pharmacists in the medical ward had a positive impact on optimization of drug therapy by reducing drug-related problems.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus, which was first diagnosed in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and subsequently spread to many other countries. Numerous countries have reported increasing numbers of confirmed cases and death per day; therefore, on March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic. COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease and can affect patients with low immunity especially pregnant females. Vaccines are an important source of elevating immunity and promoting health. Our main aim for this study is to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant females towards COVID-19 vaccine in Makkah Mukarramah. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 73 consenting pregnant women using pretested questionnaires. In our results we found the mean age and mean gestational age of the respondents were between 25 and 30 years of age and third trimesters, respectively. More than four-fifths (90%) of the females believed that COVID-19 is real, and their main source of information was the internet. The majority had adequate knowledge of COVID-19. Majority showed a good attitude and preventive practice of COVID-19 disease; however, 39 percent thought that hospitals are very infected with this virus. The study population has good knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 disease and the need of vaccination against it. However, community education is needed to reduce anxiety among pregnant women and to increase the acceptance of vaccination towards improving health and immunity. Key words: , , , , ,
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-mind-altering section of the hairy glands of hemp plant that can be named‘cannabinoids’ (CBs). Cannabinoid in the pharmacology field is becoming an extensive subject specificallytowards the therapeutic characteristics of cannabinoid receptor agonists. Examples such as analgesia,muscle relaxation, immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic effects, mood improvement,appetite stimulation, antiemesis, lowering of intraocular pressure, bronchodilatation, neuroprotection, andanti-neoplastic effects. Although this vast knowledge about the therapeutic properties of CBs, their clinicaluses remains a controversy and very limited. However, the focus now has been on CBD that constitutes upto 40% of the extract of the Cannabis and represents one of the most attractive prospects for therapeutic useowing to its extraordinary lack of both perceptual and psychoactive behavior. Finally, CBD is regarded as animportant putative lead compound to produce cannabinomimetic drugs because of its excellent tolerabilityin humans.
Introduction: The management of chronic illnesses commonly includes a long-term pharmacological approach. Although these medications effectively control disease, their full benefits are often not realized because approximately 50% of patients do not take their medications as prescribed. Medication adherence has become a big concern to clinicians and healthcare systems in Saudi Arabia and worldwide because of growing evidence associating nonadherence with adverse outcomes and higher costs of care. Despite it being a well-recognized problem, few studies have investigated medication adherence in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to gain a better perspective on medication adherence among patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Method: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with chronic diseases in the Makkah region, Saudi Arabia, from 1 May to 31 July 2021. Patients aged 18 years and above who were taking prescribed or over-the-counter medications were included. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants’ characteristics, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to test the relations between variables. Results: In total, 239 participants were included in the study. Females represented 62% of the participants. In terms of the history of chronic diseases, 44% had hypertension, 40% had diabetes mellitus, 21% had heart diseases and 9% had asthma. Nearly half (49%) of participants did not follow up regularly with a primary healthcare center and 42% said that they had forgotten to take their medications in the past. However, most of the participants (78%) stated that they took their medicine as instructed by their doctor or pharmacist, and 61% took their medications on time. The majority of participants (85%) said that the pharmacist explained the method of using the medications and the instructions for use, while 30% thought that the medications they took were too much. In regard to the reasons for medication nonadherence, having no specific reasons for medication nonadherence was the most common cause for nonadherence in our study. The relationship between patients taking medications as instructed by a healthcare provider (the doctor or pharmacist) and the healthcare provider giving clear instructions to patients about medication use was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Failure to adhere is a significant problem that not only affects the patient but also the healthcare system. Additional research is needed to monitor medication adherence and identify factors contributing to this problem to provide successful strategies to improve medication adherence in Saudi Arabia.
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