Due to the decoupling of electromagnetic loads, transverse flux permanent magnet motors have a higher torque density than traditional permanent magnet motors. Materials such as silicon lamination with low saturation magnetization have been unable to provide full performance of transverse flux permanent magnet motors. The ferromagnetic material 1J22 has a saturation magnetization of 2.4T. In order to improve the performance of the motor, the ferromagnetic material 1J22 is used to replace the original silicon lamination. This paper proposes a U-shaped flux-concentrated transverse flux permanent magnet motor (FCTFPM) topology. First, the topology and working principle of the motor are introduced, and The equivalent magnetic circuit model of the motor is established by the magnetic circuit method, and the electromagnetic design formula is derived according to the size equation and empirical formula. Then the no-load characteristics and load characteristics of FCTFPM using ferromagnetic material 1J22 and silicon steel sheet M330-50A are analyzed by finite element method. Finally, a prototype was developed and the no-load characteristic test was carried out. The results show that the theoretical analysis is basically consistent with the test.
Abstract To exploit the potential of our newly developed three‐dimensional (3D) dimerized acceptors, a series of chlorinated 3D acceptors (namely CH8‐3/4/5) were reported by precisely tuning the position of chlorine (Cl) atom. The introduction of Cl atom in central unit affects the molecular conformation. Whereas, by replacing fluorinated terminal groups (CH8‐3) with chlorinated terminal groups (CH8‐4 and CH8‐5), the red‐shift absorption and enhanced crystallization are achieved. Benefiting from these, all devices received promising power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 16 % as well as decent thermal/photo‐stabilities. Among them, PM6:CH8‐4 based device yielded a best PCE of 17.58 %. Besides, the 3D merits with multi alkyl chains enable their versatile processability during the device preparation. Impressive PCEs of 17.27 % and 16.23 % could be achieved for non‐halogen solvent processable devices prepared in glovebox and ambient, respectively. 2.88 cm 2 modules also obtained PCEs over 13 % via spin‐coating and blade‐coating methods, respectively. These results are among the best performance of dimerized acceptors. The decent performance of CH8‐4 on small‐area devices, modules and non‐halogen solvent‐processed devices highlights the versatile processing capability of our 3D acceptors, as well as their potential applications in the future.
Abstract Given homomorphic fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) atoms are featured with gradually enlarged polarizability/atomic radius but decreased electronegativity, the rational screen of halogen species and locations on small molecular acceptors (SMAs) is quite essential for acquiring desirable molecular packing to boost efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, three isomeric SMAs (CH−F, CH−C and CH−B) are constructed by delicately rebuilding peripheral F, Cl, Br footprints on both central and end units. Such a re‐permutation of peripheral halogens could not only maintain the structural symmetry of SMAs to the maximum, but also acquire extra asymmetric benefits of enhanced dipole moment and intramolecular charge transfer, etc. Moreover, central brominating enhances molecular crystallinity of CH−B without introducing undesirable steric hindrance on end groups, thus rendering a better balance between high crystallization and domain size control in PM6:CH−B blend. Further benefitting from the large dielectric constant, small exciton binding energy, optimized molecular packing and great electron transfer integral, CH−B affords the first class binary OSC efficiency of 19.78 %, moreover, the highest efficiency of 18.35 % thus far when increasing active layer thickness to ~300 nm. Our successful screening in rebuilding peripheral halogen footprints provides the valuable insight into further rational design of SMAs for record‐breaking OSCs.
Background Inhibitors of B‐cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) family proteins have shown hope as antitumor drugs. While the notion that it is efficient to coordinate, balance, and neutralize both arms of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family has been validated in many cancer cells, the weights of the two arms contributing to apoptosis inhibition have not been explored. This study analyzed the best combination ratio for different Bcl‐2 selective inhibitors. Methods We used a previously established mathematical model to study the weights of Bcl‐2 (representing both Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL in this study) and myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1). Correlation and single‐parameter sensitivity analysis were used to find the major molecular determinants for Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1 dependency, as well as their weights. Biological experiments were used to verify the mathematical model. Results Bcl‐2 protein level and Mcl‐1 protein level, production, and degradation rates were the major molecular determinants for Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1 dependency. The model gained agreement with the experimental assays for ABT‐737/A‐1210477 and ABT‐737/compound 5 combination effect in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. Two sets of equations composed of Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1 levels were obtained to predict the best combination ratio for Bcl‐2 inhibitors with Mcl‐1 inhibitors that stabilize and downregulate Mcl‐1, respectively. Conclusions The two sets of equations can be used as tools to bypass time‐consuming and laborious experimental screening to predict the best drug combination ratio for treatment.
It is a challenge to fabricate organic solar modules with the combination of high efficiency, good stability, and green solvent treatment. To address the issue, active layer materials still play crucial roles. Herein, a non‐fullerene acceptor CH7 with the extended conjugation central unit and long‐branched side chains is reported for the fabrication of high‐performance large‐area modules. The long‐branched alkyl chains can ensure CH7 to have good solubility in non‐halogen solvent o‐xylene (OX). Meanwhile, the steric hindrance of long‐branched alkyl chains can suppress molecular excessive aggregation. The inverted structure prototype device based on PM6:CH7 and processed with OX showed a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.49% mainly due to the favorable active layer morphology. Based on the small area device results, processed from OX, a 25.2 cm 2 module is fabricated and demonstrates a high PCE of 14.42% and good photo stability with maintaining 93% of its initial efficiency after 500 h continuous illumination. Moreover, the module also shows decent thermal stability, maintaining with 82% of its original efficiency after the thermal stress at 65 °C for 500 h.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Given homomorphic fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) atoms are featured with gradually enlarged polarizability/atomic radius but decreased electronegativity, the rational screen of halogen species and locations on small molecular acceptors (SMAs) is quite essential for acquiring desirable molecular packing to boost efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, three isomeric SMAs (CH-F, CH-C and CH-B) are constructed by delicately rebuilding peripheral F, Cl, Br footprints on both central and end units. Such a re-permutation of peripheral halogens could not only maintain the structural symmetry of SMAs to the maximum, but also acquire extra asymmetric benefits of enhanced dipole moment and intramolecular charge transfer, etc. Moreover, central brominating enhances molecular crystallinity of CH-B without introducing undesirable steric hindrance on end groups, thus rendering a better balance between high crystallization and domain size control in PM6:CH-B blend. Further benefitting from the large dielectric constant, small exciton binding energy, optimized molecular packing and great electron transfer integral, CH-B affords the first class binary OSC efficiency of 19.78 %, moreover, the highest efficiency of 18.35 % thus far when increasing active layer thickness to ~300 nm. Our successful screening in rebuilding peripheral halogen footprints provides the valuable insight into further rational design of SMAs for record-breaking OSCs.
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