PP-31-143 Background/Aims: Methodology in assessing the risks of proposed water resource developments to the health of the community in Malaysia is being develop. This assessment aims to evaluate the potential impacts of the few water resource developments to the health of the community within the zone of influence. Methods: Our assessment methodologies consist of descriptive epidemiology on the existing human environment and the prediction of the health risks from the proposed development. Data on burden of diseases and the community profiles and other health determinants provide the baseline for the existing community health status. These data were obtained through a house to house survey and a secondary data review. For waterborne diseases, the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among children of the affected community is determined. The ecology of mosquito vectors is determined using the 3 different techniques: bare leg catch, CDC light trap, and larval survey. Schistosomiasis and zoonotic studies could also be carried out. Results: The community health risks to these communicable diseases are qualitatively determined. The quantitative health risk assessment is applied to any water supply project. The quantitative health risk assessment is applied to any water supply project. The emerging and re-emerging diseases and community participation also need to be addressed. Conclusion: The health risk assessment methodology is important for policy direction and decision-making in the environmental management for health.
Afghanistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia having arid and semi-arid climates with precipitation from 1/ mm per year in the plain area to +,+1* mm in the highland area.Forests cover only ,ῌ of the country and deforestation is progressing rapidly.If precautionary measures are not taken in +/ years the country will have little forest.To measure natural resources of the country, the government established -+ stations to collect meteorological information and +.* stations to record water conditions in di#erent locations of the country.Out of +.* water stations, .*were selected for sediment transport measurement.Water is a precious material for human beings with di#erent uses such as for domestic use, industrial use and agricultural production is increasing.Water utilization in Afghanistan is mostly for agriculture and approximately 2/ῌ of the country's crops are produced under irrigation systems.Irrigation systems in Afghanistan use mostly traditional methods and distribute water in traditional ways throughout the country with 2..0ῌ of irrigation water being tapped from rivers.Water from springs and Karezes make up 1.3ῌ and 1ῌ of irrigation water, respectively.A small amount (*./ῌ) of water is tapped from Arhats (dug wells).Due to ,/ years conflict in Afghanistan all infrastructures including irrigation related structures have been damaged or completely destroyed.Since +32* there is no information about water resources in the country.On the other side the country has su#ered from continuous drought for the last six years.Ground water levels have dropped considerably and a#ected Karezes to be dry or have reduced water.All reports related to water resources have been lost during the ,/ years of conflict.After the new government was elected in ,**+, the government gave first priorities to security and communication system of the country and rebuilt ,,/** km of pre-war paved highways.Less work on rehabilitation of natural resources has been done so far.As per reports prepared by FAO and the Ministry of Water and Power under the Afghan government, the total annual [DT+] precipitation in the country is +2*,*** million m - (+/*,*** million m -from snow and -*,*** million m -from rain).Meanwhile the total discharge of all rivers is 2.,*** million m -(.1ῌ) of the total precipitation in the country.A total of +,ῌ of the land in the country is arable, whereas only /*ῌ of this area is irrigated per year due to shortages of water for irrigation and the other /*ῌ will be irrigated next year.Out of total discharge produced in the country, only //,*** million m -(0/ῌ) is used within the country.The remaining leaves the country.According to a Ministry of Water and Power report, a total of ,,*** million M -is used for domestic water supply.There are a limited number of reservoirs to store water for irrigation and power generation.The government must develop a long-term strategy to manage water resources and reduce the e#ects of drought on agriculture.The strategy should focus on increasing water capital and making better use of water.The strategy should include (i) water harvesting and watershed management, more water reservoirs (small and large), (ii) e#ective control of ground water utilization, (iii) better information system on water availability, (iv) elimination of unsustainable land use practices, (v) improved intake structures and corresponding on-farm water management, (vi) management transfer of state owned schemes, (vii) extension of the irrigated command area.The geographical situation in the country is where water is available there is not enough land for irrigation and where land is available there is no water to fulfill the irrigation requirements.
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