molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology.www.eajbs.eg.net
H EAVY metals accumulation in vegetables is considered a world problem that may affect food safety and human health.In the present study, fifteen vegetable species consisting of five leafy; Arugula (Eruca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Corchorus (Corchorus capsularis), Dill (Anethum graveolens) and Parsley (Petroselinum sativum); five fruits; Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Eggplant (Solanum melongena), Green pepper (Capsicum annuum), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo); in addition to five tubers; Garlic (Allium sativum), Onion (Allium cepa), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Yam (Ipomoea batatas) were purchased from the local markets in Rafha Governorate at the Northern Border region in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and tested for levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) metals using atomic absorption spectrometry.The results obtained showed that levels of Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Cu and Zn ranged from 0.13±0.073 to 1.63±0.96;0.33±0.18 to 5.38±2.67;0.020±0.001to 0.052±0.033;0.41±0.09to 10.81±7.29;0.49±0.13 to 4.37±0.89and 2.05±0.80 to 94.20±73.28µg/g,respectively, for all vegetable samples.The highest average concentrations of Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Cu and Zn were recorded in leafy species as 0.46±0.19 to 1.63 ± 0.96; 0.00 to 5.38 ± 2.67; 0.00 to 0.049±0.031;2.95±1.47 to 10.81±1.29;1.42±0.73 to 4.37±0.89;4.63±1.37 to 21.99±18.60µg/g,respectively.The highest mean levels 94.20±73.28 and 10.81±7.29µg/gwere recorded for Zn and Fe in potato and corchorus, respectively; while the lowest mean levels 0.13±0.073and 0.33±0.18µg/gwere recorded for Cd and Pb in garlic and radish, respectively.The concentration of elements in these vegetables were within safety baseline levels for human consumption.
A mONG microbial enzymes, chitinases received increased attentions due to their wide applications especially in agriculture sector for biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens.The growing interest in chitinases with thermostability nature, forced many researchers to isolate and characterize novel chitinase producing-bacteriafrom extreme environments.The present study describe characterization of thermostable chitinase produced by thermophilic soilisolated bacterial strain NBR10 from Rafha governorate, Saudi Arabia.Chitinase producing NBR10 strain was identified as Paenibacillus sp. according to the traditional methods of morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics coupling with sequencing of 16S rRNA (GenBank accession number KT957624.1).The isolated strain was found to have a potent antifungal against three of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria burnsii and Rhizoctonia solani with percent of growth inhibition 52.5 75.0 and 85.71%, respectively.Chitinase obtained from Paenibacillus sp.NBR10 showed activity at ranges of temperature (30-90°C) and pH (4-9), showing optimum activity at 55°C and pH 7.0, respectively.Also, it exhibited high thermostability at higher temperatures, where 90% of its activity is retained at 65°C for 36h.The promising chitinolytic and antifungal activity of locally isolated Paenibacillus sp.NBR10, candidate this strain to be used as a potential biological control agent.
The biological aspects and life table parameters of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch were studied under laboratory conditions on two kinds of host plants, tomato leaves and cucumber leaves.The study showed that the incubation period, the total immature stages, life cycle and generation of T. urticae on tomato leaves were higher than them on cucumber leaves.The life cycle was 13.58 and 9.52 days on tomato leaves and cucumber leaves, respectively.The generation period was 15.91 and 11.19 days on tomato leaves and cucumber leaves, respectively.On the other hand, longevity and life span of T. urticae were higher on cucumber than on tomato.Longevity was 15.33 and 19.97 days on tomato leaves and cucumber leaves, respectively.The life span was 28.91 and 29.49days on tomato leaves and cucumber leaves, respectively.Also, the daily main number of laid eggs was higher on cucumber, 5.36, than on tomato, 4.71.Also, the results demonstrated that the population of T. urticae had the ability to multiply about 1.91 and 2.53 on tomato and cucumber leaves, respectively.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.(Acari: Tetranychidae) is considered one of the most serious pests all over the world and attacked about 1200 species of plants.It causes damage to vegetables, beans, peas, hops, grapes, deciduous fruit trees and many other fruit and flowers.Also, it prefers some genotypes of a plant to other genotypes of the same plant.This study is concerned mainly with evaluating the less favorite eggplant genotype to T. urticae and the best type for agriculture and find out the possible reason behind this preference.The longest life cycle was recorded for Rima F1 that was11.20 days and the shortest was 8.93 days for Rondona F1.Also, Rima F1 had the longest generation of 12.37 days and Rondona F1 had the shortest generation 10.37 days.The fecundity of females feed on leaves of Rondona F1 was the highest at 101.14 eggs/ female.So the results proved that Rima F1 was less affected by T. urticae.The possible reason for this preference is that Rima F1 had the highest percentage of potassium in their leaves that provides a mechanical resistance against piercing-sucking pests including T. urticae.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pests responsible for yielding losses for many crops.For several years, chemical control of mites has been extensively practiced; a major problem in the control of T. urticae is the response to develop resistance to many acaricides, and so, scientists make efforts to replace the chemical acaricides with natural acaricides, as a mean to reduce negative impacts to human health and the environment.In the search for control alternatives, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of neem essential oil and the aqueous neem extract against adult females of Tetranychus urticae under laboratory conditions.Also, LC 50 of each treatment was established and the obtained results revealed that the active essential oil of neem was more effective than the aqueous neem extract.LC 50 : 33.99 ppm and 260.30ppm for neem oil and aqueous extract respectively.However, LC 90 value was 238.83 ppm and 1813.70 ppm for neem oil and aqueous extract, respectively.