The three-dimensional structure of the complex between a T cell receptor (TCR) β chain (mouse Vβ8.2Jβ2.1Cβ1) and the superantigen (SAG) staphylococcal enterotoxin C3 (SEC3) has been recently determined to 3.5 Å resolution. To evaluate the actual contribution of individual SAG residues to stabilizing the β–SEC3 complex, as well as to investigate the relationship between the affinity of SAGs for TCR and MHC and their ability to activate T cells, we measured the binding of a set of SEC3 and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) mutants to soluble recombinant TCR β chain and to the human MHC class II molecule HLA-DR1. Affinities were determined by sedimentation equilibrium and/or surface plasmon detection, while mitogenic potency was assessed using T cells from rearrangement-deficient TCR transgenic mice. We show that there is a clear and simple relationship between the affinity of SAGs for the TCR and their biological activity: the tighter the binding of a particular mutant of SEC3 or SEB to the TCR β chain, the greater its ability to stimulate T cells. We also find that there is an interplay between TCR–SAG and SAG–MHC interactions in determining mitogenic potency, such that a small increase in the affinity of a SAG for MHC can overcome a large decrease in the SAG's affinity for the TCR. Finally, we observe that those SEC3 residues that make the greatest energetic contribution to stabilizing the β–SEC3 complex (“hot spot” residues) are strictly conserved among enterotoxins reactive with mouse Vβ8.2, thereby providing a basis for understanding why SAGs having other residues at these positions show different Vβ-binding specificities.
Plasmids have been constructed with the structural region of the cat gene being under the control of the lactose (lacUV5), tryptophane (trpOP), operons of Escherichia coli, the hybrid trp-lac (tac) promoter and early bacteriophage lambda promoters (PL, PR and PLIT). The expression of chloramphenicolacetyltransferase gene in Escherichia coli cells harbouring such recombinant plasmids and pBR325 as well has been examined by determining the chloramphenicol resistance and studying the enzyme activity of Cm-acetylase. A high level of enzyme synthesis is connected with transcription from PL, PR and tac promoters.
Abstract T‐lymphocytes recognize a wide variety of antigens through highly diverse cell‐surface glycoproteins known as T‐cell receptors (TCRs). These disulfide‐linked heterodimers are composed of α and β or γ and δ polypeptide chains consisting of variable (V) and constant (C) domains non‐covalently associated with at least four invariant chains to form the TCR‐CD3 complex. It is well established that αβ TCRs recognize antigen in the form of peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); furthermore, information on the three‐dimensional structure of αβ TCRs has recently become available through X‐ray crystallography. In contrast, the antigen specificity of γδ TCRs is much less well understood and their three‐dimensional structure is unknown. We have cloned the δ chain of a human TCR specific for the MHC class I HLA‐A2 molecule and expressed the V domain as a secreted protein in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli . Following affinity purification using a nickel chelate adsorbent, the recombinant Vδ domain was crystallized in a form suitable for X‐ray diffraction analysis. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P 2 1 2 1 2 with unit cell dimensions a = 69.9, b = 49.0, c = 61.6 Å, and diffract to beyond 2.3 Å resolution. The ability of a Vδ domain produced in bacteria to form well‐ordered crystals strongly suggests that the periplasmic space can provide a suitable environment for the correct in vivo folding of γδ TCRs.
New plasmids pML2.1 and pML4 were constructed for cloning the transcription regulatory regions. In the pML2.1 the structural part of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of the pBR325 is under control of the lacUV5-promotor. Because the unique BamH1 cleavage site is in the joint region, one may use it for cloning transcription termination regions and selecting recombinant clones with the AprCms phenotype. As for the pML4, the foreign fragment integration is carried directly before the structural part of cat-gene and it is expressed only if the promotor regions are present. The plasmids were sequenced and their restriction maps were established. Small molecular weight (about 2,0 MDa, AprCmr) or only Apr intact genes and convenient disposition of many unique cleavage sites by restriction endonucleases make these plasmids useful for different genetic engineering experiments.
Recombinant human angiogenin has been synthesized in Escherichia coli with the aid of a human angiogenin gene (hAng) cloned by Neznanov et al (1990) from a human complementary DNA (cDNA) library. The gene has been expressed by use of a new type of expression vector called a 'TGATG vector' (plasmid pPR-TGATG-1; Mashko et al 1990a). The highest level of accumulation of the recombinant angiogenin (6%-8% of the total cell protein) was observed in E. coli strain BL21 carrying a temperature-amplifiable version of the plasmid. The synthesized polypeptide carries an additional serine residue at its N terminus in comparison with natural angiogenin. Furthermore, the initiator methionine residue of the recombinant protein is removed with high efficiency by E. coli terminal aminopeptidase. Simple procedures for purification of the recombinant angiogenin from the insoluble fraction of cell protein, and for refolding the protein allowed the isolation of almost 5 mg recombinant angiogenin g-1 wet bacterial biomass. The recombinant Ser-(-1) angiogenin displayed the same biological properties (specific RNAase activity and the ability to induce blood vessel growth on the sclera of experimental animals) as its natural counterpart isolated from human blood.
The crystal structure of the V α domain of a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) was determined at a resolution of 2.2 angstroms. This structure represents an immunoglobulin topology set different from those previously described. A switch in a polypeptide strand from one β sheet to the other enables a pair of V α homodimers to pack together to form a tetramer, such that the homodimers are parallel to each other and all hypervariable loops face in one direction. On the basis of the observed mode of V α association, a model of an (αβ) 2 TCR tetramer can be positioned relative to the major histocompatibility complex class II (αβ) 2 tetramer with the third hypervariable loop of V α over the amino-terminal portion of the antigenic peptide and the corresponding loop of V β over its carboxyl-terminal residues. TCR dimerization that is mediated by the α chain may contribute to the coupling of antigen recognition to signal transduction during T cell activation.