dance is a mind-body activity that stimulates neuroplasticity. We explored the effect of dance on cognitive function in older adults.we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and PsycInfo databases from inception to August 2020 (PROSPERO:CRD42017057138). Inclusion criteria were (i) randomised controlled trials (ii) older adults (aged ≥ 55 years), (iii) intervention-dance and (iv) outcome-cognitive function. Cognitive domains were classified with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Neurocognitive Framework. Meta-analyses were performed in RevMan5.3 and certainty of evidence with GradePro.we reviewed 3,997 records and included 11 studies (N = 1,412 participants). Seven studies included only healthy older adults and four included those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Dance interventions varied in frequency (1-3×/week), time (35-60 minutes), duration (3-12 months) and type. We found a mean difference (MD) = 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI) = 0.21-2.95) on the Mini Mental State Examination for global cognitive function (moderate-certainty evidence), and the Wechsler Memory Test for learning and memory had an MD = 3.02 (95% CI = 1.38-4.65; low-certainty evidence). On the Trail Making Test-A for complex attention, MD = 3.07 (95% CI = -0.81 to 6.95; high-certainty evidence) and on the Trail Making Test-B for executive function, MD = -4.12 (95% CI = -21.28 to 13.03; moderate-certainty evidence). Subgroup analyses did not suggest consistently greater effects in older adults with MCI. Evidence is uncertain for language, and no studies evaluated social cognition or perceptual-motor function.dance probably improves global cognitive function and executive function. However, there is little difference in complex attention, and evidence also suggests little effect on learning and memory. Future research is needed to determine the optimal dose and if dance results in greater cognitive benefits than other types of physical activity and exercise.
Health behaviours such as physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) decline in early adulthood (Baranowski et al.,1999). While the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be used to predict such behaviours, moderators have been suggested (Conner & Armitage,1998). As FVC may require self-monitoring, trait self-control (TSC) may moderate the intention-behavior relationship (Crescioni et al.,2011). The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and combined effects of intention and TSC on FVC among first-year students. We hypothesized that the TPB would predict FVC intentions and behaviour, and TSC would be associated with higher FVC. In their first week at university, students (N=76, Mage=18.00±0.49) completed the 13-item Brief TSC (Tangney et al.,2004) and a TPB questionnaire (Ajzen,1991) about their FVC. One week later, they completed a 7-day food diary, from which daily FVC was calculated. Attitude (s=.20) and PBC (s=.64, ps=.02) were significant predictors of intentions (adjR2=.34). Intentions (s=.45) and TSC (s=.21, ps=.05) predicted FVC (adjR2=.24), but PBC and interactions were not significant. Findings support the TPB and further our understanding of factors associated with health behaviours during young adulthood. Although intentions and TSC were linked to FVC, most students ate
Introduction: An athlete’s ability to be resilient, or “bounce back”, from failures and prevent a “downward spiral” of poor performances is key to being successful in sports. We sought to test this in a controlled experiment.
Method: In this study, 62 participants executed 40 dart-tosses each, aiming for the bulls-eye of a regulation dartboard. Performance in terms of accuracy was defined as the distance between the bulls-eye and where the dart landed for each toss. Participants also completed the Connor-Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003).
Data Analysis: Mean accuracy scores for each participant were calculated; in addition, participants’ “poor” tosses (defined as tosses that landed more than 1 standard deviation from their average toss distance), “poor toss streaks” (the number of consecutive poor tosses, as defined above), and worst toss were recorded. After controlling for participants’ mean accuracy, separate linear regressions were conducted to test whether resilience predicted accuracy in the toss(es) after participants’ (a) poor tosses, (b) poor toss streaks, and (c) worst toss.
Results: Compared to those with lower resilience scores, participants with higher resilience scores had shorter poor toss streaks (p = .02). Resilience approached significance as a predictor of accuracy after participants’ worst toss (p = .06). Resilience did not predict accuracy after a poor toss (p = .68).
Discussion: These results provide partial support for the importance of being resilient in sports performance.
The multi-process action control model (M-PAC) is an integrative model specifically designed to evaluate intention-behaviour gaps. To date, however, the processes through which intentions are translated into action have largely been underexplored among adolescents. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of intention-behaviour profiles during late adolescence; and to apply the M-PAC framework to assess predictors of these profiles. Our sample included 1176 grade 11 students (Mage = 15.85 ± 0.38, 45.6% male) that completed an online questionnaire as part of the baseline cohort in the ADAPT study. The questionnaire assessed the reflective, regulatory, and reflexive processes outlined within M-PAC, and a self-reported measure of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Following the use of a novel tertiary split, six intention-behaviour profiles were observed: inactive non-intenders (7.1%; n = 83), active non-intenders (2.8%; n = 33), inactive quasi-intenders (20.6%; n = 242), active quasi-intenders (19.2%; n = 226), unsuccessful intenders (12.5%; n = 147) and successful intenders (37.8%; n = 445). Descriptive statistics revealed successful intenders reported the highest scores on all M-PAC predictors, followed by unsuccessful intenders. A graded response pattern continued for quasi-intenders and non-intenders, with inactive non-intenders scoring the lowest across all M-PAC variables. The current study offers new insight into the intention-behaviour gap by differentiating adolescents with more conviction in their intentions from those that report intention ambivalence to create six intention-behaviour profiles. Findings demonstrate strong support for the core tenets of M-PAC in predicting physical activity intention-behaviour profiles during late adolescence.
To determine personal, environmental, and participation factors that predict children's physical activity (PA) trajectories from preschool through to school years.Two hundred seventy-nine children (4.5 ± 0.9 yr, 52% boys) were included in this study. Physical activity was collected via accelerometry at six different timepoints over 6.3 ± 0.6 yr. Time-stable variables were collected at baseline and included child's sex and ethnicity. Time-dependent variables were collected at six timepoints (age, years) and included household income (CAD), parental total PA, parental influence on PA, and parent-reported child's quality of life, child's sleep, and child's amount of weekend outdoor PA. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify trajectories of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total PA (TPA). Multivariable regression analysis identified personal, environmental, and participation factors associated with trajectory membership.Three trajectories were identified for each of MVPA and TPA. Group 3 in MVPA and TPA expressed the most PA over time, with increased activity from timepoints 1 to 3, and then declining from timepoints 4 to 6. For the group 3 MVPA trajectory, male sex (β estimate, 3.437; P = 0.001) and quality of life (β estimate, 0.513; P < 0.001) were the only significant correlates for group membership. For the group 3 TPA trajectory, male sex (β estimate, 1.970; P = 0.035), greater household income (β estimate, 94.615; P < 0.001), and greater parental total PA (β estimate, 0.574; P = 0.023) increased the probability of belonging to this trajectory group.These findings suggest a need for interventions and public health campaigns to increase opportunities for PA engagement in girls starting in the early years. Policies and programs to address financial inequities, positive parental modeling, and improving quality of life are also warranted.
The Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth (PLAY) Tools are a suite of tools to assess an individual’s physical literacy. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the PLAY Tools, including inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, validity and the associations between the tools. In this study, 218 children and youth (aged 8.4 to 13.7 years) and a parent/guardian completed the appropriate physical literacy assessments (i.e., PLAYbasic, PLAYfun, PLAYparent and PLAYself) and the Bruiniks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). Inter-rater reliability for PLAYfun was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94). The PLAYbasic, PLAYfun total, running and object control scores, and PLAYparent motor competence domain were higher in males than females, and PLAYfun locomotor skills were lower in males than females (p < 0.05). Age was positively correlated with PLAYbasic and PLAYfun (r = 0.14–0.32, p < 0.05). BOT-2 was positively correlated with PLAYfun and PLAYbasic (r = 0.19–0.59, p < 0.05). PLAYbasic is a significant predictor of PLAYfun (r 2 = 0.742, p < 0.001). PLAYfun, PLAYparent and PLAYself were moderately correlated with one another. PLAYfun, PLAYparent and PLAYself demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.74–0.87, ω = 0.73–0.87). The PLAY Tools demonstrated moderate associations between one another, strong inter-rater reliability and good construct and convergent validity. Continued evaluation of these tools with other populations, such as adolescents, is necessary. Novelty: In school-age children, the PLAY Tools demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability, moderate associations with one another, acceptable internal consistency and good construct and convergent validity. The results suggest that that PLAY Tools are an acceptable method of evaluation for physical literacy in school-age children.
In situations of proxy-agency, relational efficacies (e.g., proxy-efficacy, RISE beliefs, other efficacy) are theorized to impact self-efficacy (SE) and the effort expended in joint tasks. Personal trainers (PT) are proxy-agents and are in an interesting position balancing development of their clients' capabilities while also fostering a long-term commitment from clients. As such, they provide an important context in which to study relational efficacies and their impact on other variables. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) whether PT other-efficacy and client RISE beliefs contribute to client SE and (2) whether relational efficacies contribute to clients' decisions to continue the with their PT. PT and client pairs completed measures of relational and self-efficacies after sessions 1 and 5 of a 5-session block. Clients also reported intention to continue with their PT after session 5. Hierarchical regression showed PT other efficacy (R2ch=.22) and clients' RISE beliefs (R2ch=.17, ps< .04) to be separate significant predictors of clients' SE with both being positively associated with SE. A second model showed that after controlling for client SE, proxy-efficacy and RISE beliefs were additive predictors of clients' intentions to continue to work with their PT (R2ch=.49, p
Objectives To map the context of sedentary behaviour in older adults who are prefrail and frail during the winter and spring over 3 days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend) and to determine if certain types of sedentary behaviours are associated with health outcomes. Design Mixed methods, prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting Community-dwelling older adults living in southern Ontario, Canada. Participants We recruited 21 older adults (72±7.3 years, 13 females, 13 frail) and experienced two dropouts. Results Participants accumulated a total of 18.4±2.6 hours/day of sedentary time in winter and 17.7±3.1 hours/day in spring. When considering daily indoor sedentary time (excluding sleep), participants accumulated 7.6±4.0 hours/day in winter and 6.3±2.7 hours/day in spring. In the spring, 68% of participants accumulated <8 hours/day of ≥15 min bouts of indoor sedentary time compared with 63% in the winter. Although there were no differences in sedentary time between seasons, we found a significant decrease in step count in winter (1190 fewer steps, 95% CI −2228 to −153 steps). There were no differences in sedentary time or step count between the weekday and weekend or between individuals who were prefrail and frail. There were no seasonal variations in participants’ sedentary activities; the most common activities were watching television (TV), eating, napping, browsing the internet and socialising. We also found there may be gender differences in time and activities. Individuals who identified as female were more sedentary than individuals who were male. Almost all indoor behaviours occurred in the living/family room. Sedentary time was evenly spread throughout the day; however, prolonged sedentary behaviours ≥60 min mainly occurred in the evening regardless of the season. Step count in both winter and spring was positively associated with the Nottingham Activity of Daily Living assessment. There was an inverse association between sedentary behaviours ≥60 min (not including sleeping) and the 5×sit-to-stand and grip strength. Conclusion The current definition of sedentary behaviour requires modification to capture total sedentary time, continuous bouts >60 min, the types of behaviours, time of day and season. Trial registration number NCT05661058 .
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated the risk for poor physical and mental health outcomes among vulnerable older adults. Multicomponent interventions could potentially prevent or reduce the risk of becoming frail; however, there is limited evidence about utilizing alternative modes of delivery where access to in-person care may be challenging. This randomized feasibility trial aimed to understand how a multicomponent rehabilitation program can be delivered remotely to vulnerable older adults with frailty during the pandemic.
