After resolution of infection, T cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells that recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs or establish residence in tissues. In contrast to CD8
Imagine living in a place where you do not have to question whether the water you are drinking on a daily basis is safe.Each day you or your children consume water that you assume is nontoxic.Suddenly, you realize that the water you or your children drink is vulnerable to bacterial and chemical contamination.Your drinking water is at risk of containing chemicals that cause cancer, and pathogens that produce parasitic diseases.Millions of people in your community, as well as future generations, are at risk of life-threatening diseases because of the actions of private individuals.Would you want the government to protect you and your family from drinking contaminated water, or would you want the government to allow individuals to pollute critical water resources by dredging and filling wetlands?Freshwater on land is one of the most important resources on the planet, and it is essential for human existence.1 Most of the planet's water is found in the earth's oceans.Saltwater constitutes 97.5% of water, whereas freshwater in the earth's glaciers only constitutes 2.5%. 2No more than eight thousandths of potable water is found on land, and it is this resource that is one of the most vital resources necessary for human existence.3 The freshwater ecosystems have been considerably changed and disturbed by humans. 4Threatened freshwater ecosystems include wetlands.Governmental regulations are designed to protect wetlands; however, wetlands are still being destroyed, resulting in one of the most vital resources becoming depleted.
Background: Mentoring by experienced faculty can provide opportunities for nursing students to grow personally and professionally in their pursuit of establishing a clinical specialty focus. At a Midwest pre-licensure nursing (pre-licensure clinical nurse leader) program, faculty sought to assist students in pursuing knowledge and experiences within the Women, Children, and Family Nursing (WCFN) specialty.Methods: After completing an application process, selected scholars were matched with a faculty mentor to discuss student objectives/goals, project work, and engage in post-program employment opportunities conversations. At program end, both scholar and mentor completed satisfaction surveys.Results: Surveys revealed the WCFN scholar pilot program proved beneficial for both student scholar and faculty mentor. Small program changes would improve the scholar experiences.Conclusions: A WCFN Scholar program provides nursing students’ access to experienced faculty mentors who provide encouragement, assist with problem solving, and offer professional development advice, and networking. Faculty mentors reported personal satisfaction knowing they were supporting new nurse development in the WCFN specialty.
A prototypical design grammar for a class of country houses by the Australian award-winning architect Glenn Murcutt is developed. The rules of the design grammar are executed to create a design for a country house on a real site with a real brief, in parallel with a design by Murcutt himself. Feedback from Murcutt and the differences between the designs and the reasons for them are discussed. Some conclusions are drawn on the role and assumptions of design grammars as rule- based expert systems and the qualities of design activity which cannot be modelled by such systems
High levels of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are associated with increased genetic instability, which has been linked to DNA damage. Here, we describe a pGAL-CAN1 forward mutation assay for studying transcription-associated mutagenesis (TAM) in yeast. In a wild-type background with no alterations in DNA repair capacity, ≈50% of forward mutations that arise in the CAN1 gene under high-transcription conditions are deletions of 2–5 bp. Furthermore, the deletions characteristic of TAM localize to discrete hotspots that coincide with 2–4 copies of a tandem repeat. Although the signature deletions of TAM are not affected by the loss of error-free or error-prone lesion bypass pathways, they are completely eliminated by deletion of the TOP1 gene, which encodes the yeast type IB topoisomerase. Hotspots can be transposed into the context of a frameshift reversion assay, which is sensitive enough to detect Top1-dependent deletions even in the absence of high transcription. We suggest that the accumulation of Top1 cleavage complexes is related to the level of transcription and that their removal leads to the signature deletions. Given the high degree of conservation between DNA metabolic processes, the links established here among transcription, Top1, and mutagenesis are likely to extend beyond the yeast system.
Background and Aims: A historically Black community straddles unincorporated boundaries of two municipalities in Orange County, North Carolina and predates a regional landfill sited along its border. Community members and university partners aimed to investigate long-standing concerns about the microbial and chemical safety of drinking and surface water quality in the community. Methods: Households in the community were surveyed to collect information about structural signs of well vulnerability (well pump failure; problems with cloudiness, taste, odor; history of well disinfection) and septic system failure (pumping septic tank ≥1 per year; a wet yard due to drain-field during non-rainfall periods), and drinking and surface water samples were collected, geo-coded, and analyzed for parameters of microbial and chemical water quality. Relationships between distance to the landfill and concentrations of water quality parameters were evaluated using conditional fixed effects land-use regression models, adjusted for total rainfall in the previous 24 hours. Results: Of 73 households identified in the community, 27 responded to the survey, and 20 provided drinking water samples. Households reported pervasive signs of well vulnerability (100%) and septic system failure (68%). The microbiological safety of well water was poor compared to public drinking water supplies. Wells exceeded microbiological standards protecting health, whereas public water supplies did not. The presence of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals was also detected in well water supplies. Each 100-meter unit increase in distance from the landfill was associated with a 334 MPN/100 ml decrease in average enterococci concentrations in surface water (95% confidence interval (CI) = -710, 41). Conclusions: Pervasive private household water and sanitation infrastructure failures were identified, suggesting a need for improved water and sanitation services in this predominantly Black community bordering a regional landfill.
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