Homogenates of hamster and bovine glands contain a "sperm motility factor" (SMF) that stimulates the motility of hamster epididymal spermatozoa in vitro. The potency of these adrenal preparations was severely attenuated after gel filtration on a Sephadex G-10 column. This loss of activity was ascribed to the retardation and separation of co-factors for SMF which appeared to be catecholamines. The sperm motility-stimulating activity of the SMF-containing fractions was fully restored by addition of either the 'retarded' fractions or catecholamines (epinephrine or norepinephrine). Neither the catecholamines nor the 'retarded' fractions were able to sustain vigorous sperm motility in the absence of the SMF-containing fractions. The potentiating action of catecholamines on SMF was mimicked by the adrenergic agonists isoproterenol and phenylephrine and inhibited by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine, but not by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. Our results indicate that one or more catecholamines are essential co-factors of SMF and demonstrate that hamster spermatozoa require catecholamines for their motility in vitro.
To observe the changes of LINGO-1 expression with time after onset in EAE mouse.C57/BL6 mice were completely randomly divided into EAE model group (n = 15) , adjuvant group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15) .LINGO-1 expression of brain tissue was detected on day 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30 after onset by RT-PCR and Western blot.RhoA and p-RhoA expression of brain tissue was analysed by Western blot.The LINGO-1mRNA levels in EAE model group were markedly higher than control group on day 1, 7and 14 after onset (4.63 ± 0.25, 2.72 ± 0.12, 1.98 ± 0.16, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05).On day 30, Lingo-1 mRNA was close to control group.Expression levels of Lingo-1 protein on day 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 were higher than control group (2.11 ± 0.15, 3.15 ± 0.09, 2.45 ± 0.12, 1.89 ± 0.17, 1.21 ± 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.05. The levels of p-RhoA protein increased in EAE and the peak appeared on day 1 and day 7 (P < 0.01) . And there was no difference on RhoA expression among different groups.LINGO-1 expression of brain tissue of EAE mouse upregulates and changes with time after onset, which may inhibit myelination by RhoA activation.In clinic, the antagonist of LINGO-1 for MS should be applied as soon as possible.
Abstract Background: To report the main spectrum, new clinical and imaging characteristics of dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX) antibody-associated encephalitis, and evaluate the effect of immunotherapy. Methods : A retrospective analysis of nine patients reported describing the clinical and immunological features was performed, and all previously reported cases were reviewed. A cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay with human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with DPPX was used. Results : Nine patients were identified (median age, 51 years; range, 14–65 years) with prodromal fever, diarrhea, or weight loss, followed by a rapidly progressive encephalopathy characterized by cognitive disorder. One patient who received methylprednisolone therapy and a trail of tacrolimus showed substantial improvement and had no relapse in the six-month follow-up. Our comprehensive literature review demonstrated that a total of 53 cases were reported, of which more than half had prodromal weight loss (52.8%), and gastrointestinal disorders (58.5%). Cognitive (74.6%) and brainstem/spinal cord disorders (75.5%) were the most common major symptoms. Our study is the first to report three patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis who had sleep disorder of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), limb paralysis (two), severe pleocytosis and elevated protein levels (two) in the cerebrospinal fluid, and increased T2/FLAIR signal abnormalities in the bilateral hippocampus, temporal lobe, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, centrum semiovale, and frontal and parietal lobes in seven cases (77.8%). Conclusion : Our study expanded the clinical and imaging phenotype of anti-DPPX- encephalitis. We also reported the use of tacrolimus for long-term immunosuppressant therapy in anti-DPPX encephalitis, with substantial improvement and no relapse during a follow-up period of 6 months. Further studies elucidating the entire clinical spectrum of anti-DPPX encephalitis, pathogenic roles, and prognosis under long-term immunosuppressive therapy are warranted.
Abstract Background To report the main spectrum and new clinical and imaging characteristics of dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX) antibody-associated encephalitis, and to evaluate the effect of immunotherapy. Methods A retrospective analysis of nine patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis was performed, and all previously reported cases in the literature were reviewed. A cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay using human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with DPPX was used. Results Nine patients were identified (median age, 51 years; range, 14–65 years) with prodromal fever, diarrhea, or weight loss, followed by rapid progressive encephalopathy characterized by cognitive disorder. One patient who received methylprednisolone therapy and a trial of tacrolimus showed substantial improvement and had no relapse by the 6-month follow-up. Our comprehensive literature review demonstrated that 53 cases were reported, of which more than half had prodromal weight loss (52.8%) and gastrointestinal disorders (58.5%). Cognitive disorders (74.6%) and brainstem/spinal cord disorders (75.5%) were the most common major symptoms. A greater proportion of Chinese patients than non-Chinese patients had abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging specific for encephalitis (70.0% vs. 23.3%, P < 0.001). Our study is the first to report three patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis who had sleep disorders with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, limb paralysis (two), severe pleocytosis, elevated protein levels (two) in the cerebrospinal fluid, and increased T2/FLAIR signal abnormalities in the bilateral hippocampus, temporal lobe, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, centrum semiovale, and frontal and parietal lobes in seven patients (77.8%). Conclusion Our study expands the clinical and imaging phenotypes of anti-DPPX encephalitis. Further studies elucidating the entire clinical spectrum of anti-DPPX encephalitis, its pathogenic mechanisms, and prognosis under long-term immunosuppressive therapy are warranted.
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