Abstract Regulating molecular packing and aggregation of photoactive layer is a critical but challenging issue in developing high‐performance organic solar cells. Herein, two structurally similar analogues of anthra[2,3‐ b : 6,7‐ b ′]dithiophene (ADT) and naphtho[1,2‐ b : 5,6‐ b ′]dithiophene (NDT) are developed as solid additive to exploit their effect in regulating the molecular aggregation and π‐stacking of photoactive layer. We clarify that the perpendicular arrangements of NDT can enlarge the molecular packing space and improve the face‐on stacking of Y6 during the film formation, favoring a more compact and ordered long‐range π‐π stacking in the out‐of‐plane direction after the removal of NDT under thermal annealing. The edge‐to‐face stacked herringbone‐arrangement of ADT along with its non‐volatilization under thermal annealing can induce the coexistence of face‐on and edge‐on stacking of blend film. As a result, the NDT treatment shows encouraging effect in improving the photovoltaic performance of devices based on various systems. Particularly, a remarkable PCE of 18.85 % is achieved in the PM6 : L8‐BO‐based device treated by NDT additive, which is a significant improvement with regard to the PCE of 16.41 % for the control device. This work offers a promising strategy to regulate the molecular packing and aggregation of photoactive layer towards significantly improved performance and stability of organic solar cells.
Combined with the dike construction in cities of Guangxi,an analysis was made on the flood control standard of dike construction in cities,the relationship between dike construction and urban construction,urban scenery and other infrastructure.With flood protection security as prerequisite,it is put forward that dike construction in cities shall take into consideration the development plan of city besides the flood control requirement,be integrated with urban construction,environment and scenery,coordinately develop incorporating multiple functions,so as to bring into full play its economic,social and environmental benefits.
This paper analyzes the relation between state-owned capital factor and earnings quality through Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC) in Chinese stock markets. Our research finds that the ERC is significantly associated with the role state-owned capital plays in the equity structure of the companies in Chinese stock markets. Further analysis indicates that companies controlled by state-owned capital tend to have a better earnings quality.
Financial market simulation (FMS) serves as a promising tool for understanding market anomalies and the underlying trading behaviors. To ensure high-fidelity simulations, it is crucial to calibrate the FMS model for generating data closely resembling the observed market data. Previous efforts primarily focused on calibrating the mid-price data, leading to essential information loss of the market activities and thus biasing the calibrated model. The Limit Order Book (LOB) data is the fundamental data fully capturing the market micro-structure and is adopted by worldwide exchanges. However, LOB is not applicable to existing calibration objective functions due to its tabular structure not suitable for the vectorized input requirement. This paper proposes to explicitly learn the vectorized representations of LOB with a Transformer-based autoencoder. Then the latent vector, which captures the major information of LOB, can be applied for calibration. Extensive experiments show that the learned latent representation not only preserves the non-linear auto-correlation in the temporal axis, but the precedence between successive price levels of LOB. Besides, it is verified that the performance of the representation learning stage is consistent with the downstream calibration tasks. Thus, this work also progresses the FMS on LOB data, for the first time.
The current system does' t allow mortgage of the farmers' contracted land right.It has severely hampered the financing function of farmland.In the background of agricultural scale management asking for huge financing requirements,various regions are trying to test how to mortgage the contracted management land.However,experiments promoted by the governments under the bottleneck of mortgage are all false mortgage,which not only increase the transaction cost,and largely increase market risk government itself.The solution of the problem lies in legislative reconstruction of the mortgage system of the contracted land right,and also cultivate and develop land market.In addition,the judicial organ also ought to distinguish all over,prudent response to every contracted land right mortgage experiments.
The agricultural land use policy mainly aims at promoting rational use of agricultural land resources and the of agricultural land use.This paper tackled the similarities and differences of Mainland and Taiwan agricultural land-use policies.It was considered that the first goals,the development core and the recent attentive focus of the Cross-Strait agricultural land policies were similar,while the evolution of agricultural land interests,system change mode and recent priorities of Cross-Strait agricultural land use policy were different.Finally,it was suggested that changes in agricultural land-use policies should gradually tend to be up and down interaction means,take improving agricultural efficiency as a goal,tend to organized,large-scale in agricultural land use and strengthen the classification management of agricultural land use in Mainland in the future.
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