Kaiming Hu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Gang Huang

Institute of Atmospheric Physics

Weichen Tao

Institute of Atmospheric Physics

Renguang Wu

Zhejiang University

Ya Wang

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Shang‐Ping Xie

University of California, San Diego

Xia Qü

Qufu Normal University

Hainan Gong

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Haosu Tang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Yan Du

South China Sea Institute Of Oceanology

Ping Huang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Cooperative Institutions

Chinese Academy of Sciences

131

Institute of Atmospheric Physics

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

Zhejiang University

Ocean University of China

Ministry of Natural Resources

Sun Yat-sen University

Peking University

Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

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Irreversibility of ENSO impacts on the wintertime anomalous Western North Pacific anticyclone to CO2 forcing

npj Climate and Atmospheric Science (2024)

Wen Zhang Weichen Tao Gang Huang Kaiming Hu Xia Qü

During the boreal winter, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences the East Asia-western North Pacific (WNP) climate by triggering an anomalous WNP anticyclone (WNPAC). Analysis of a suite of coupled model projections under symmetric CO2 ramp-up (RU) and ramp-down (RD) scenarios, the results reveal that WNPAC strengthens with increasing CO2 concentrations, peaks early in the CO2 RD phase, and then gradually weakens without fully returning to its initial state when CO2 concentrations restore. The irreversible recovery of WNPAC is related to enhanced negative precipitation anomalies in the tropical WNP and positive precipitation anomalies in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. These changed precipitation anomalies are primarily driven by the climatological equatorial Pacific El Niño-like warming pattern due to various external and internal feedback processes. Our findings indicate that the irreversible change of WNPAC to CO2 forcing may hinder the winter monsoon and exacerbate climate risks in the East Asia-WNP region.

Anticyclone

Forcing (mathematics)

10.1038/s41612-024-00854-4

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Nanofibers and Nanospirals Fabricated through the Interfacial Organization of a Partially Fluorinated Compound

Langmuir (2007)

Penglei Chen Xiaoguang Ma Yiqun Zhang Kaiming Hu Minghua Liu

Nanostructures composed of fluorinated compounds are of great interest both for fundamental investigations and practical applications. In this paper, we have investigated the supramolecular assembly of two carbamate derivatives, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,12-henicosa fluorododecyl 1-naphthylcarbamate (F10C2Np) and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,12-henicosa fluorododecyl phenylcarbamate (F10C2Ph), which bear partially fluorinated alkyl tails on their molecular skeletons, through the air/water interfacial organization. It has been found that F10C2Np could form nanofiber or nanospiral structure with a dimension of several micrometers, while F10C2Ph formed straight ribbon-like structures. More interestingly, when the multilayer films of both of the compounds were subjected to the circular dichroism (CD) measurements, distinct CD signals could be detected, although the compounds themselves are optically inactive. Based on a series of characterizations on the films and the structural features of the molecules, a size mismatching effect was suggested to explain the interesting phenomenon.

Ribbon

10.1021/la701383y

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Citations (16)

Influence of South Tropical Indian Ocean dynamics on the Indian summer monsoon

Elsevier eBooks (2021)

Yan Du Zesheng Chen Ying Zhang Kaiming Hu Xiao‐Tong Zheng

Tropical monsoon climate

East Asian Monsoon

10.1016/b978-0-12-822402-1.00013-2

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Citations (2)

Assessing the internal variability in multi-decadal trends of summer surface air temperature over East Asia with a large ensemble of GCM simulations

Climate Dynamics (2018)

Kaiming Hu Gang Huang Shang‐Ping Xie

Empirical orthogonal functions

Forcing (mathematics)

Mode (computer interface)

Surface air temperature

Atmospheric Circulation

10.1007/s00382-018-4503-x

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Citations (41)

Sulfur emissions from consumption by developed and developing countries produce comparable climate impacts

Nature Geoscience (2022)

Jintai Lin Chunjiang Zhou Lulu Chen Gang Huang Jean‐François Lamarque

Consumption

10.1038/s41561-022-00898-2

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Citations (7)

Orographically Anchored El Niño Effect on Summer Rainfall in Central China

Journal of Climate (2017)

Kaiming Hu Shang‐Ping Xie Gang Huang

Year-to-year variations in summer precipitation have great socioeconomic impacts on China. Historical rainfall variability over China is investigated using a newly released high-resolution dataset. The results reveal summer-mean rainfall anomalies associated with ENSO that are anchored by mountains in central China east of the Tibetan Plateau. These orographically anchored hot spots of ENSO influence are poorly represented in coarse-resolution datasets so far in use. In post–El Niño summers, an anomalous anticyclone forms over the tropical northwest Pacific, and the anomalous southwesterlies on the northwest flank cause rainfall to increase in mountainous central China through orographic lift. At upper levels, the winds induce additional adiabatic updraft by increasing the eastward advection of warm air from Tibet. In post–El Niño summers, large-scale moisture convergence induces rainfall anomalies elsewhere over flat eastern China, which move northward from June to August and amount to little in the seasonal mean.

Anticyclone

Orographic lift

Orography

Subtropical ridge

Extratropical cyclone

Geopotential height

10.1175/jcli-d-17-0312.1

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Citations (58)

Ongoing intensification of El Niño impacts on East Asia's summer climate with achieved carbon neutrality

Research Square (Research Square) (2024)

Weichen Tao Wen Zhang Gang Huang Kaiming Hu Xia Qü

Abstract A notable anomalous lower-tropospheric anticyclone appears over the western North Pacific (WNP) during post-El Niño summer, exerting a profound influence on the East Asia summertime climate. Here, we employ a suite of global climate model projections under symmetric CO₂ ramp-up (RU) and ramp-down (RD) scenarios to reveal the asymmetric response of the WNP anticyclone (WNPAC). Our results demonstrate a progressive strengthening of the WNPAC with rising CO₂ concentrations, a trend that persists as CO₂ declines, followed by gradual recovery, and the anomalous anticyclone fails to return to its initial state when CO₂ concentrations return to pre-industrial levels, attributed to Indo-Pacific zonal SST gradient variations. In contrast to the CO₂ RU phase, the increased zonal SST gradient is witnessed in the CO₂ RD phase, favoring anomalous moisture convergence over the Maritime Continent (MC). This strengthens the WNPAC through Kelvin wave-induced Ekman divergence or local Hadley circulation adjustment. The increased zonal SST gradient is associated with strengthened SST warming in the MC and accelerated decay of El Niño-related positive SST anomalies in the equatorial Central Pacific, ultimately attributed to a climatological equatorial Pacific El Niño-like warming pattern driving intricate air-sea interactions and processes. Our findings indicate that the overshoot of the WNPAC during the CO₂ RD phase may exacerbate the flood and high temperature risks in densely populated East Asia.

Anticyclone

Walker circulation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-4563066/v1

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Effects of Ocean Slow Response under Low Warming Targets

Journal of Climate (2019)

Shang‐Min Long Shang‐Ping Xie Yan Du Qinyu Liu Xiao‐Tong Zheng

Abstract The 2015 Paris Agreement proposed targets to limit global-mean surface temperature (GMST) rise well below 2°C relative to preindustrial level by 2100, requiring a cease in the radiative forcing (RF) increase in the near future. In response to changing RF, the deep ocean responds slowly (ocean slow response), in contrast to the fast ocean mixed layer adjustment. The role of the ocean slow response under low warming targets is investigated using representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In RCP2.6, the deep ocean continues to warm while RF decreases after reaching a peak. The deep ocean warming helps to shape the trajectories of GMST and fuels persistent thermosteric sea level rise. A diagnostic method is used to decompose further changes after the RF peak into a slow warming component under constant peak RF and a cooling component due to the decreasing RF. Specifically, the slow warming component amounts to 0.2°C (0.6°C) by 2100 (2300), raising the hurdle for achieving the low warming targets. When RF declines, the deep ocean warming takes place in all basins but is the most pronounced in the Southern Ocean and Atlantic Ocean where surface heat uptake is the largest. The climatology and change of meridional overturning circulation are both important for the deep ocean warming. To keep the GMST rise at a low level, substantial decrease in RF is required to offset the warming effect from the ocean slow response.

Lead (geology)

Forcing (mathematics)

Mixed layer

10.1175/jcli-d-19-0213.1

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Citations (22)

Slow ocean response and the 1.5 and 2°C warming targets

Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) (2017)

Qinyu Liu Yan Du Shang‐Min Long Gang Huang Shang‐Ping Xie

Recent studies reveal that to achieve the 1.5 or 2°C warming target proposed in the 2015 Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas (GHGs) concentration is required to decrease after reaching a peak around the middle of this century, distinct from most scenarios without configuring GHGs concentration decrease. Climate response to external radiative forcing under two different scenarios is then investigated in this study by simulations from 8 models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Based on an idealized two-box (ocean mixed layer and the deeper layer) model, global-mean surface temperature (GMST) change is further divided into components due to the fast response of the ocean mixed-layer (fast contribution) and the deeper ocean slow evolution (slow contribution), respectively, to explain the GMST trajectory in CMIP5 simulations. The response timescale is 3–5 a for the fast contribution and decades to centuries for the slow contribution. Under the scenario with radiative forcing (RF) firstly increases and then levels off towards a constant after 2070 (RCP4.5), GMST rises rapidly at the first stage and slowly after RF levels off. In comparison, under the scenario with RF firstly increases and then decreases after 2045 (RCP2.6), GMST rises rapidly to a peak below 2°C and then declines at a very slow rate, following a nearly flat trajectory between 2050 and 2100. Corresponding to the GMST change, the deeper ocean warms faster than the upper ocean after the RF levels off in RCP4.5 while decreasing in RCP2.6. In fact, the GMST trajectory depends on the ratio between the fast and slow contributions from the ocean at different stages under different RF pathways. During the RF increase period, GMST mainly follows the RF pathway because the fast contribution dominates. After RF holds constant or decreases, slow contribution due to the deeper ocean warming increases persistently, causing the GMST change to deviate from the RF pathway when RF holds constant or decreases. As a result, contribution from the deeper ocean slow warming to the magnitude and trajectory of GMST change cannot be neglected in scenarios for the 1.5 and 2°C low warming target. For RCP2.6, GMST increase is 1.83°C in 2100, the time when RF is in decrease. In contrast, for RCP4.5, GMST reaches the same increase in 2033, the time when RF is still increasing. Despite the same GMST increase, climate responses in 2033 under RCP4.5 are distinct from that in 2100 under RCP2.6. For example, ocean stratification weakens in 50–300 m in 2100 under RCP2.6 but strengthens at all depths in 2033 under RCP4.5 due to the persistent heat accumulation in the deeper ocean. Global-mean thermosteric sea-level rise due to thermal expansion of seawater warming is much higher in RCP2.6 (16.39 cm) than that in RCP4.5 (9.01 cm). Moreover, surface warming pattern displays substantial structural differences between RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, especially over regions with strong ocean dynamics and hence large deeper ocean feedback to surface warming. Specifically, surface warming is notably larger over the North Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean in 2100 under RCP2.6 than that in 2033 under RCP4.5, while the opposite is true over the subtropical and mid-latitude land regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Under most CMIP5 scenarios without a RF decrease, the 1.5 or 2°C GMST warming target is projected to reach much earlier than 2100, which are used in some studies to represent the climate responses for the Paris targets at the end of this century. These results underestimate the effect of the deeper ocean slow contribution and are biased in projecting climate response for the Paris targets.

Warming up

10.1360/n972017-01115

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Citations (5)

Synthesis and fluorescence properties of a novel triphenylamine dendrimer

Journal of Functional Biomaterials (2011)

Kaiming Hu Ying Qian

A novel triphenylamine dendrimer,1,2,4,5-tetra-{4-{N,N-Bis{4-{4-[5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-styryl}phenyl}amino} styryl} benzene(TPAB-OXA),was synthesized through Wittig-Horner reaction.The structure were characterized by IR,NMR and melting points determination.The maximum absorption peak in dichloromethane was at 420nm for TPAB-OXA.The maximum emission wavelengths was at 504nm for TPAB-OXA in dichloromethane.The fluorescence lifetime for TPAB-OXA were 1.41ns with fluorescence quantum yields of 0.65.The relationship of Stoke's shift with solvent polarity was discussed.

Triphenylamine

Dichloromethane

Solvent polarity

Source

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