H-Zeolite was successfully prepared from a homogenous solution under controlled conditions using a thermal approach with tetramethylammonium bromide as an organic structural directing agent (OSDA), which adjusts the pores size of zeolitic networks and then increases the catalyst efficiency. The synthesized H-zeolite particles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) in order to ascertain the formation of pure crystalline phase and chemical structure. The zeoliting reactions of heavy naphtha were performed using the Teflon-lined autoclaves at 300 °C for 1, 2, and 3 hours separately. The gasoline reformate yields were evaluated by different techniques including RON, 1H NMR, FTIR, and PIONA (GC-Mass) to investigate their characters and chemical contents. It was found that the loading of 2% of zeolite during the reforming reaction of heavy naphtha for 3 hours exhibited high conversion with high aromatic content, which resulted in a high RON (85) gasoline reformate. This study aims to employ a new approach to enhance Iraqi heavy naphtha feedstock by synthesizing a new zeolite with new characterizations.
Potential competing interests: No potential competing interests to declare.1-This manuscript attempts to give a summary of the processing and preservation approaches used in the production of apple juice and to optimize both the production process and the preservation methods for apple juice.In this context, the authors indeed don't well summarize the advances in this field.Most of the approaches described here are traditional, from old references, and the state-of-the-art processing approaches, such as the dehydration process, are not discussed in detail in this review.Moreover, the production steps of apple juice need to be described as a scheme.In addition, the review should contain comparative recent studies that describe the modern methods to produce apple juice and resolve all issues that may face this kind of manufacturing.2-It is essential for the researcher to be familiar with modern diagnostic techniques used to improve apple juice production; that should be discussed.So, I think this review can be accepted after major revisions.
The effect of ethynylene or ethynylene-thiophene spacers on the band gap of alternating polymers, containing 4,9-naphthothiadiazole units as an acceptor and 2,7-linked fluorene repeat units as a donor, were investigated. The Sonogashira coupling reaction was employed to prepare the two novel copolymers, namely ((9,9-dioctyl-fluorene)-2,7-diethynylene-alt-4,9-2,1,3-naphthothiadiazole (PFDENT) and poly(5,5'-(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(ethynyl-2-thienyl)-alt-4,9-(2,1,3-naphthothiadiazole) (PFDTENT). The optical, electrochemical and thermal properties of the two obtained polymers were widely investigated and compared. Both resulting polymers showed low solubility in common organic solvents and moderate molecular weights. It is believed that the introduction of acetylene linkers rather than acetylene-thiophene spacers on the polymer chains reduces the steric hindrance between the donor and acceptor units which leads to the adoption of more planar structures of polymeric chains, resulting in decreased molecular weights of the resulting conjugated polymers. Thus, both ethynylene-based polymers and ethynylene-thiophene-based polymers showed red-shifted absorption maxima compared to their counterpart (thiophene-based polymer), owing to the adoption of more planar structures. Optical studies revealed that the new ethynylene and ethynylene-thiophene-based polymers displayed low band gaps compared to their thiophene analogue polymer PFDTNT. Both resulting polymers showed good thermal stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of both polymers revealed that PFDENT and PFDTENT possessed an amorphous nature in solid state.
In the present study, office waste paper was employed as feedstock for bioethanol production. Lignocellulosic material was pre-treated with dilute sulphuric acid (5 %) to release monomeric sugars. Acid pretreatment of waste papers was carried out at different ratios of 10, 15, and 20 ml for each 1 gm of raw material to obtain the best yield of hydrolysate. After the pH adjustment of each paper hydrolysate, the hydrolysate was subjected to fermentation and distillation processes respectively. The fermentation process was performed using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to convert the released sugars to bio-ethanol as a main product. The highest bio-ethanol yield (28.3%) was obtained at a high concentration from the yeast fermentation using waste paper pretreated with acid at a ratio of 10:1 ml/gm (liquid to solid). Economically, office waste paper is a suitable raw material for sustainable bio-ethanol production. Furthermore, bioethanol obtained was blended with pure gasoline at increasingly higher concentrations. A gasohol was homogenously mixed with four formulated fuels such as gasoline blend (E0), gasoline–5% bio-ethanol blend (E5), gasoline–10% bio-ethanol blend (E10), and gasoline–15% bio-ethanol blend (E15). It is critical to investigate the effect of various bio-ethanol blends on the characteristics and performance of internal combustion fuel. These binary mixtures were tested using density, Ried vapor pressure (RVP), and Research Octane Number (RON) tester according to the ASTM-D4052, ASTM-D6378, and ASTM-D2699 respectively under selected operating conditions. The results obtained revealed that the addition of gasoline–bioethanol blend decreases the RVP value of the fuel blend, whereas the RON and density increase because bioethanol has a high octane rating compared to conventional gasoline, resulting in enhanced gasoline’s performance in internal combustion engines. Overall, the RON of gasohol was enhanced remarkably with the increase in ethanol ratio.
This study attempts to develop innovative modified asphalt with waste materials to improve asphalt's performance. Different amounts of waste polymer (poly ethylene terephthalate -PET) and waste oil (waste engine oil-WEO) were added to a virgin asphalt to produce new modified asphalts. The binder modified with PET/WEO ratio of 2% and 3 % exhibited promising characteristics (high softening point temperatures and penetration slightly higher than the conventional asphalt). Furthermore, this paper discussed the effects of additives on the properties of asphalt binder. Beyond that, this modified asphalt obviously enhanced some mechanical characteristics of the asphalt where it was used, in comparison to conventional.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the rheological performance of rubberised asphalt binder with varying dosages of crumb rubber (CR), and compare these modified materials with unmodified asphalt binder.It is very important to investigate the characterization of chemical structures of the asphalt binder from a closer view for useful modifications of the virgin binder by polymer waste as modifiers.The current research employed a thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) to separate and determine the different fractions in asphalt.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was also used to characterize and confirm the chemical compositions of asphalt and its fractions.Despite of NMR spectra of asphalt is difficult to be interpreted via its structural complexity, but this technique is still able to provide useful data especially with regard to asphaltene fraction.Crumb rubber is a polymer waste which used as modifier of asphalt binder via the economic benefits and improving the rheological properties of modified asphalt binder.The rubberised asphalt binders were produced by blending the virgin asphalt with CR at various contents (3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%).The effects of CR contents on the rheological behaviors of modified asphalt binder have been investigated including: penetration, softening point, ductility.Furthermore, morphological analysis of rubberised asphalt was conducted via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the effect of CR on the binder morphological structure.Based on results obtained, binder with highest CR content showed improvement in rheological properties of the modified binders in terms of decreasing in penetration, increasing in softening point values and keeping the ductility higher, unlike other CR contents which exhibited poor performance of modified asphalt.
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