Flowers of Limonium carolinianum are harvested for use in dried flower arrangements and various crafts. The increasing commerciali zation of this harvest has led to concerns regarding its sustainability. We quantified the extent of the harvest on four marshes on the Bay of Fundy coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. Over a four-year period from 1996 to 1999, flower stalk removal averaged 32% on easily accessible portions of these marshes (i.e., within 100 m of a road) compared to 5% on inaccessible por tions (greater than 500 m from a road). In 5 X 5 m plots where flowers were experimentally removed, no seedlings emerged the following year, whereas seedlings always emerged in unpicked control plots. This rapid and dramatic impact of localized harvesting on seedling emergence is due to the limited dispersal and short life span of L. carolinianum seeds. Sampling in concentric circles around isolated adults revealed that 50% of seedlings emerged within 34 cm of the parent and 90% emerged within 61 cm. Tethered seed experi ments revealed that seeds that did not germinate in the first spring after pro duction did not survive to the next spring. Our results suggest that unregu lated harvesting has the potential to dramatically impact recruitment into local populations. To reduce the likelihood of local extinction we recommend that harvesters do not reduce flower stalk densities below 1 per m2.
Cooking banana (Musa acuminata) cv. Kepok is the most susceptible to Blood disease bacterium (BDB) infection.From previous study revealed the best isolate indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi-Pasar Usang 10 (PU10-Glomus sp 1) could induce cv.Kepok resistance to BDB in green house and field experiment. The AMF could changethe phenolic compound in root plant. This objectives were to measure the root phenolic compound and bioassayto BDB. The 50 grams fresh inoculant PU10-Glomus sp 1 were applicated to banana root plants 60 days old with 6levels time course: 12; 24; 36; 48; 72; 92 hours and control (without PU10-Glomus sp 1). The root methanolicextraction followed to Echeverri et al., (2002) methode with vacuum concentration of the filtrate and partitioninginto ethyl acetate revealed the presence of an antibacterial compound as detected by TLC (Thin LayerChromatography), assay phenolic contained by Spectrofotometer UV-Vis 1700. PharmaSpec. Shimadzu andbioassay using BDB. Nine antibacterial compounds rose from root banana seedling colonized by PU10-Glomus sp1 in 12 hours after applicated (haa) ; 24; 36 and 48 haa. They were with Rf values of 0.16; 0.17; 0.19; 0.26; 0.32; 0.37;0.71; 0.80 and 0.83 on silica plates run in hexane:ethyl acetate (1:2 v/v) and control contained only 0.05 and 0.28.These compounds produced fluorescens which was bright yellow green spots and purple and have antimicbrobialproperties to BDB.
