In this study, the use of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliu m terafluoroborate (BMIM (BF4)) as an additive in the separation of mixtures containing nitroaro matic exp losives and related compounds in reversed-phase high performance liquid chro matography is reported. The analytes used are: 1,3-DNB, 1,3,5-TNB, 2-A-4,6-DNT, 2,4-DNT, HM X, NB, RDX, TNT, 2NT, 3NT, 4 NT, tetryl, 2,6-DNT and 4A -2,6-DNT. The effects of the concentration of the ionic liquid on the retention, capacity factors and resolution of these analytes were studied. Mobile phases containing of 10% methanol with 0, 5, 10 and 20 mM BM IM(BF4), 20% methanol with 0, 5 and 20 mM BMIM(BF4) and 100% of 20 mM BMIM(BF4) were used for th is study. All the mob ile phases containing ionic liquids gave smaller capacity factors for the analytes and a run time that is smaller by 10-20 minutes compared to mobile phases containing methanol as a modifier. The nu mber of co mpounds that have full or partial resolution is affected also by the concentration of the ionic liquid in the mobile phase. The elution order of the analytes was not affected by the addition o f ionic liquids. These results show the potential application of ionic liquid BMIM (BF4) as a mobile phase additive to improve the resolution, decrease the analysis time and to reduce the organic solvent consumption in the HPLC analysis of the nitroaro matic explosives and related compounds.
Biological control nowadays is rapidly growing to reduce the incessant use of chemical insecticides for control of various insect pests. In the present study, entomopathogenic fungi are used to determine insecticidal activity against walnut blue butterfly under laboratory conditions. The experimental setup was completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments along with control with different concentrations of entomopathogenic fungi. The bioassay was carried out by spraying second larval instar of Chaetoprocta odata [Hewitson 1865] with 1, 2, 3 & 4 % conidial concentration of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. (1912) and Isaria fumosorosea Wize (1904). The results of this study showed that all the concentrations showed remarkable pathogenic activity but I. fumosorosea was highly pathogenic and recorded the highest mortality rate of 93.33 % after 144 hours compared to B. bassiana where 73.33 % mortality was reported. LC50 values for B. bassiana (4.15) was higher than that of I. fumosorosea (3.34) which indicates that I. fumosorosea was more effective against C. odata population. Among different concentrations of I. fumosorosea, 4 % concentration was the most effective with lowest LC50 values.
This paper is aimed at comparing the influence of diet, effect of crowding and temperature on the growth of larval stages in a pest grasshopper Acrida exaltata Walker (Orthoptera: Acrididae). It was found that Brassica oleracea var. botrytis was mostly preferred by both sexes with the minimum hopper developmental period of 33.20 ± 0.54 days in males and 38.40 ± 0.98 days in females, while Saccharum officinarum prolonged the hopper developmental period with the maximum development period being 79.30 ± 0.37 days in males and 88.50 ± 0.23 days in females. Similarly, the maximum development of hoppers was 3.03 ± 0.03%/day in males and 2.64 ± 0.05%/day in females feeding on Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. The minimum development of hoppers was observed to be 1.26 ± 0.06%/day in males and 1.14 ± 0.02%/day in females feeding on Saccharum officinarum. The Dyar’s rule was tested in the hoppers of acridid species, Acrida exaltata, using two size variables: head width and growth in nymphal instars. The rule which when applied to lepidopterous larvae assumes a geometric progression of size measures, was found to be significant in case of acridoids where successive formation of instars is a progressive development. The average ratio of increase in each instar for males was 1.213 (minimum) under crowded conditions and went up to 1.220 (maximum) at 37°C under non-crowded conditions, while in female hoppers, the average increase was 1.178 (minimum) under crowded conditions and reached up to 1.281 (maximum) at 37°C under isolated conditions, before they reached the adult stage. The calculated head width was found close to the observed head width. Straipsnyje aprašoma mitybos, tankumo ir temperatūros įtaka skėrių Acrida exaltata Walker (Orthoptera: Acrididae) nimfų augimui. Nustatyta, kad žiediniais kopūstais Brassica oleracea var. botrytis dažniausiai maitinosi trumpiausią vystymosi ciklą turintys Acrida exaltata patinai (minimalus vystymosi laikotarpis – 33,20 ± 0,54 dienos) ir patelės (38,40 ± 0,98 dienos). Maitinimas cukranendrėmis Saccharum officinarum prailgino skėrių vystymąsi; patinų maksimalus vystymosi laikotarpis buvo 79,30 ± 0,37 dienos, patelių – 88,50 ± 0,23 dienos. Greičiausiai skėriai augo maitinant žiediniais kopūstais (patinai – 3,03 ± 0,03%, patelės – 2,64 ± 0,05% per dieną), lėčiausiai – maitinant cukranendrėmis (atitinkamai, 1,26 ± 0,06% ir 1,14 ± 0,02% per dieną). Dyaro (Dyar) taisyklė buvo tikrinama matuojant galvos plotį ir nimfos augimą. Ši taisyklė, aprašanti drugių lervų augimo geometrinę progresiją, pasirodė tinkanti ir skėrių nimfų augimui. 37°C temperatūroje pavieniui auginamų patinų vidutinis padidėjimo koeficientas buvo maksimalus (1,220), o auginant grupėmis – minimalus (1,213), patelių, atitinkamai, 1,281 ir 1,178. Apskaičiuotas nimfų galvos plotis atitiko išmatuotąjį.
The effectiveness of Artemisia absinthium was assessed against the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) and its predator, Coccinella septempunctata in Tambis village, UT of Ladakh. A randomized block design (RBD) was employed to set up the field experiment. To target the cabbage aphids, a 5% concentration was made by powdering the seeds and shoot portions of A. absinthium. Prior to spraying, the infestation level of cabbage aphids was recorded in both the control and treatment plots. The average percentage of aphid infestation before treatment was 76% and 84% in control plot and experimental field, respectively. Following the initial treatment, there was a decline of 9.22% in the aphid population. However, at the end of the seventh week, a notable percentage reduction of 77.91% was recorded. Throughout the course of the first to seventh weeks, the overall percentage reduction consistently increased. Despite a slight decline in the predator population, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The study indicated that A. absinthium extracts in the field proved to be effective against cabbage aphids, while also demonstrating a favorable interaction with natural enemies. These findings highlight the potential of A. absinthium to assist small-scale farmers in protecting their cabbage crops from B. brassicae infestation.
Nano/microencapsulation of Vitamin K into whey protein and κ-carrageenan and the microencapsulation of Piroxicam into whey protein, κ-carrageenan, and chitosan are described. Power ultrasound was used as the coating technique. The sizes of the particles were characterized using AFM and FlowCam imaging. The turbidity study suggested that in the presence of whey protein, coating was successful in both acidic and basic conditions. Furthermore, controlled-released of vitamins K and Piroxican was water activity-dependent. Optimal release of both compounds was found at water activity values of 0.662 and 0.769 due to water plasticization of the glassy coating matrix. The models studied show that a proper control of pH, temperature, and water activity could be useful for target delivery of encapsulated lipophilic substances.