Effective modeling of magnetization dynamics is key to understanding the nature of exotic magnetic structures and behaviors such as magnetic skyrmions and spin waves. Although the modeling of magnitude variation of magnetizations is crucial for magnets at finite temperatures (especially near the Curie temperature with the precursor effect), it is restrained in common micromagnetic simulations. Here, we propose an effective methodology for modeling the magnitude-fluctuated magnetization dynamics based on Ginzburg-Landau theory, which includes both the precession motion and adjustable magnitude of magnetizations simultaneously. Our model includes the intrinsic synergy of precession motion and adjustable magnitude of magnetizations, i.e., dynamic precursor effect. Therefore, in this paper, we provide an advanced simulation methodology and introduce an intrinsic dynamic modulation in magnetic system, which is anticipated to be a starting point for the future study of the dynamics of magnetization, magnetic domains, and topologies in magnets.
The plasticity of a copper (Cu) nano-component is experimentally evaluated by a cantilever specimen with multi-layered structure. The cantilever is monotonically loaded by a diamond tip and the deflection at the free-end is precisely measured by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The plastic deformation of the Cu nano-component is successfully monitored through the non-linear behavior of applied load, P, and cantilever deflection, δ. The plastic constitutive quation of the Cu component is inversely analyzed by finite element method (FEM) assuming that the component obeys the Ramberg-Osgood law. The parameters in the R-O law (σ0, n and α) are optimally fitted to reproduce the experimentally evaluated P-δ relation. The resultant parameter set is derived as (σ0, n, α) = (345 MPa, 3.2, 1.25). The Cu nano-component has a much higher yield stress and a hardening rate compared with the ones in a bulk Cu.
Introduction: Enarodustat (JTZ-951) is a new oral hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a phase 3 study to compare the efficacy and safety of enarodustat with darbepoetin alfa (DA) in Japanese anemic patients with CKD receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Methods: Subjects receiving maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive oral enarodustat once daily or intravenous DA every week for 24 weeks with dose adjustment every 4 weeks to maintain hemoglobin (Hb) within a target range (≥10.0 to <12.0 g/dL). The primary efficacy endpoint was difference in mean Hb level between arms during the evaluation period defined as weeks 20–24 (noninferiority margin: −1.0 g/dL). Intravenous iron preparations were prohibited during the screening period and during weeks 0–4. Results: The mean Hb level of each arm during the evaluation period was 10.73 g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.56, 10.91) in the enarodustat arm and 10.85 g/dL (95% CI: 10.72, 10.98) in the DA arm. The difference in the mean Hb level between arms was −0.12 g/dL (95% CI: −0.33, 0.10), confirming the noninferiority of enarodustat to DA. The mean Hb level of each arm was maintained within the target range during the treatment period. Increased total iron-binding capacity and serum iron and decreased hepcidin were observed through week 4 in the enarodustat arm albeit after switching from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. No apparent safety concerns of enarodustat were observed compared with DA. Discussion/Conclusion: Enarodustat was noninferior to DA for the treatment of anemia in CKD patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis and was generally well tolerated over 24 weeks.
To investigate the creep crack growth properties of aluminum (Al) nano-films deposited by electron-beam evaporation, creep crack growth experiments for freestanding 356 nm- and 139 nm-thick film specimens with a center notch or a single edge notch were conducted. In both Al films, a creep crack stably propagated at first, and then the crack growth rate gradually accelerated, leading to unstable fracture. FESEM observation of fracture surface revealed that fine unevenness presented on the fracture surface of the stable crack growth region while ductile or chisel point fracture occurred in the unstable region. The stable crack growth is presumably due to intergranular fracture. For the 356 nm-thick films, the relationship between the creep crack growth rate and the stress intensity factor depended on the experimental conditions, whereas the creep J-integral at the steady state well characterized the creep crack growth rate regardless of the experimental conditions.
