The purpose of this systematic multiple-studies review was to synthesize the current trends in the research evidence of mentoring programs for workplace learning and to determine how to facilitate mentoring relationships in organizations to achieve individual performance gains and organizational-performance improvement. A systematic review of the literature on electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant information pertaining to mentoring and mentor programs. Findings were synthesized using a multiple-studies-review (MSR) approach; 26 studies were identified for inclusion. The most common current trends involve an increasing focus on mentors (i.e., role, qualifications, approach, and learning). We found 10 constructs related to examples of successful outcomes in workplace mentoring programs, which are represented in a new theoretical model. There is a growing body of research that link evidence of formal mentoring with individuals' workplace learning gains and performance improvement but very few studies that link mentoring programs with organizational-performance improvements.
The attachment characteristics of Botriosphaeria dothidea conidiospores on the surfaces of 6 abiotic objects and apple skin were studied. The spores showed various behaviors in surface attachment on different kinds of abiotic objects. Spores were easily attached to parafilm, glass slide and vasiline-coated slide, especially to parafilm, but not so easily attached to polypropylene tape and paraffin-coated slide. The maximum attachment was generally realized about 40 to 60 min after deposition of spores on the surfaces of tested objects except on parafilm where the maximum attachment was at 20 min after spore deposition. On apple lenticel, the spore attached increased sharply when the spore concentration was above 5.0×10^4 spores/mL. From 2.0×10^4 to 5.0×10^4 spores/mL, there was no difference in the number of conidiospores attached on the lenticel. On the non-lenticel surface, spore attachment reached the maximum 20 to 30 mm after spore deposition with a spore concentration no less than 4.0×10^4 spores /mL. ConA was a highly effective inhibitor of spore attachment. Ii effectively blocked spore attachment on apple surface at 100 μg/mL.
The novel species Laccaria rubroalba is described from Southwestern China by using both morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is characterized by small basidiomata; reddish white pileus when moist or young, white to pale when dry; 4-spored basidia and globose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, moderately echinulate basidiospores. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS sequence data confirmed the separation of this new species from other closely related species in the genus Laccaria. The new species is compared with similar taxa. A description, line drawings and colour photographs of the new species, and phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.
In a recent revision of the genus Agaricus, A. section Xanthodermatei was split into two sections A. sect. Hondenses and A. sect. Xanthodermatei. Our objectives were to investigate the species diversity of both sections in Pakistan and to give an overview of the major clades. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined nucLSU, ITS and TEF1 dataset from 35 specimens of both sections revealed three major clades. Analyses based on ITS dataset and 106 specimens, including 33 from Pakistan, reveal eight new species and one new record species. These nine species are described in detail. It is noteworthy that intraspecific variability as well as interspecific variability between closely related species were very low in ITS sequences in many cases. In the case of the two new species A. xanthochromaticus and A. griseovariegatus, TEF1 sequence data were much more efficient than ITS to distinguish these species from each other. The other new species are A. atroumbonatus, A. fumidicolor, A. macropeplus, A. parviniveus, A. swaticus and A. bambusetorum. The latter is the only new species of A. sect. Hondenses in which it is morphologically atypical and also the unique (sub)tropical species. Agaricus gregariomyces is recorded for the first time in Pakistan. In addition, brief descriptions are provided not only for A. bisporiticus, A. endoxanthus and A. punjabensis, which are reported again in Pakistan, but also for A. californicus, which is reported for the first time in Spain and outside North America. In total 12 species of both sections were reported in Pakistan and half of them were from subtropical climatic areas, underlining the contribution of the climatic diversity to the high species richness in this country.
The genus Agaricus includes both edible and poisonous species, with more than 400 species worldwide.This genus includes many species, which are enormously important as sources of food and medicine, such as the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the almond mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens).This paper reviews the genus Agaricus in tropical and humid subtropical regions of Asia, including the history, characteristics, pertinent morphological and organoleptic taxonomic traits, molecular phylogeny and taxonomy advances, toxicity and edibility.This review includes Agaricus species that are known to be highly valued as edible and medicinal mushrooms, and provides a comprehensive checklist of species described from the tropical and humid subtropical regions of Asia until the end of 2015.
Summary This study investigated ten polyphenolic compounds in the peel of 145 apple cultivars grown in the same location while originated from different countries over two successive years. Despite significant year effect of individual and total polyphenol concentrations on each cultivar, both concentrations showed similar distributions in the 2 years, and genotypic correlations among them were relatively stable. Genotypic variations were considerable, with total polyphenol concentration ranging from 363.9 to 2516.9 μg g −1 FW . Cyanidin‐3‐galactoside was found only in red apple peels, at levels of 67.8–371.6 μg g −1 FW . Flavanols (epicatechin and catechin) and dihydrochalcones (mainly phloridzin) accounted for 8.8–66.1% and 8.58–61.2% of total polyphenols, respectively. Six flavonols (quercetin‐3‐galactoside, quercetin‐3‐glucoside, quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside, quercetin‐3‐xyloside, quercetin‐3‐arabinoside, and quercetin‐3‐rhamnoglucoside) were identified. The proportion of flavonols was 9.3–70.6% of total polyphenols. This wide variation could help in selecting cultivars with different polyphenol patterns in the peel. Principal component analysis showed that cultivars originated from different countries could not be distinguished in terms of polyphenol profiles.
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