Providing population with quality drinking water one of the priority tasks of the state policy aimed at maintaining the health of citizens. Hygienic rating of the drinking water quality envisages requirements to assurance its safety in the epidemiological and radiation relations, harmlessness of chemical composition and good organoleptic properties. There are numerous data proving the relationship between the chemical composition of drinking water and human health, and therefore the issue of taking a hygienically sound measures to improve the efficiency of water treatment has more and more priority. High water quality the result of complex solution of tasks, including an integral approach to assessment of the quality of drinking water, the use of hygienically sound decisions in the modernization of water treatment systems. The results of the integral assessment of drinking water on the properties of harmlessness have shown its actuality in the development and implementation of management decisions. The use of the spatial characteristics of integrated indices permits to visualize changes in the quality of drinking water in all stages of production and transportation from the position of health risks, evaluate the effectiveness of technological solutions and set priorities for investing.
Natural resources extraction involves continuous exposure to cooling meteorological factors typical for open production grounds. This necessitates relevant health risk assessment and management of health risks caused by exposure to these harmful occupational factors. However, the available risk assessment models do not provide a possibility to perform complete assessment of the existing risks created by exposure to meteorological hazards. The study design included the following. We performed hygienic assessment of working conditions and health of workers employed by “Samotlorneftegaz” Joint Stock Company (JSC) who had to perform their work tasks under exposure to cooling meteorological factors on open production grounds; the assessment involved calculating the group health risk. Individual peculiarities were assessed using subjective (547 people took part in questioning) and objective assessment methods (76 people took part in estimating thermal state of their bodies and 54 people participated in thermometry with cold stress). Finally, we assessed prior and posterior risks. The prior group risk assessment made it possible to identify risk groups who had a significant risk of developing occupational and non-occupational diseases and to rank working places as per health hazards. The posterior risk assessment confirmed the results produced by the prior risk assessment regarding potentiating negative effects produced by cooling meteorological factors. The assessment of developing general and local thermoregulation disorders revealed that certain individual peculiarities made a substantial contribution into their development. Among them, we can mention long-term outdoor work (60 % of work time or more) under exposure to cooling meteorological factors; a chronic pathology; tobacco smoking. The results produced by this study allowed us to suggest an integrated model for risk assessment, management and communication about health risks caused by working under exposure to cooling meteorological factors.
The article is addressed to topical issues of organizing and conducting monitoring of the concentration of persistent toxic substances in human blood with a view to controlling their level and avoiding negative health effects of the population exposed to them in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study was the scientific substantiation of evaluation criteria and methods for biomonitoring of chemicals that can be used in programs of state social and hygienic monitoring. The objectives of the study included: analysis of persistent toxic substances in the blood of the population; Development of recommendations on justifying the priorities of the state program of social and hygienic monitoring for Arctic. The results of the research showed insufficient effectiveness of existing programs, allowed to develop proposals for improving monitoring systems, including a list of new indicators and changing the structure, forming a single information space in general for all regions of the Russian Arctic.
The article presents results of cohort epidemiological studies conducted in the period from 2001 to 2010 among the indigenous population residing in Chukotka (ChAO) and Nenets (NAO) autonomous districts. The aim was to document temporal changes in blood concentrations of persistent contaminants that caused the serious health concern from the first Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) survey in 2001 “Persistent toxic substances, food security and indigenous peoples of the Russian North”. In monitored indigenous cohorts there have been measured blood concentrations of persistent contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (28/31; 52; 99; 101; 105; 118; 128; 138; 153; 156; 170; 180; 183 and 187); hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ - isomers of HCH); oxychlordane (trans chlordane, cis-chlordane); DDT (2,4 DDE; 4,4 DDE; 2,4 DDD; 4,4 DDD; 2,4 DDT; 4,4 DDT); hexachlorobenzene (HCB); heptachlor; dieldrin; mirex; toxaphene (Par 26, the Par 50, the Par 62); PBDEs (28; 47; 100; 99; 153; 154; 183); metals (Cd, Pb, Hg). During 2003-2004 there was implemented a set of measures for the disposal and detoxification of local sources of persistent pollutants and reduction of the risk of associated health effects that had been recommended by the international AMAP expert panel. As a result of 2010 study a significant reduction in the average serum concentrations of DDT and DDE 4.4, as well as blood concentrations of lead was found to occur, they were observed only in men living in NAO. Changes in concentrations of a number of other persistent toxic substances (PTS) although show a tendency to decrease, but these changes failed to reach the level of statistical significance. The mean annual incidence rates of diseases associated with harmful impact of PTS, in particular, cancer, endocrine system diseases, congenital malformations, and immunodeficiency, unlike most of the other classes of diseases in the population showed a clear trend towards to the increase in the period of observation. Conclusion. The results obtained did not allow to confirm the sufficient effectiveness of implemented measures for the rehabilitation of residential areas both in Chukotka and NAO. The period of re-measuring blood concentrations of PTS was assumed not be appropriate due to longer half-life of many PTS studied. The health importance of long-range transboundary transport of PTS is likely to be also underestimated especially due to the observed high contamination of migrating of commercial species of wild birds, fish and marine animals that make up a significant part of the traditional diet of indigenous peoples of the North. There is need for the improvement of national biomonitoring as well as information systems for appropriate assessment, prediction and management of health risks associated with long-range biotransportation of PTS into the arctic food chains.
High quality of drinking water is a result of execution of complex tasks.The priority tasks are development and introduction of modern technologies of water purification, effective mechanisms for industrial laboratory control, socio-hygienic monitoring, integrated approach to assessing the quality of drinking water, use of hygienically sound decisions in terms of water supply and sanitation.
The existing classifier of qualifications appears to be replaced by professional standards (PS) for specialists of preventive medicine, approved by the order of the Ministry of labor of RF № 399n from 25.06.2015. This is a multifunctional regulatory document setting requirements for the content, quality and conditions of the work, qualifications and competencies, professional education and training for skills required to meet this qualification, as well as a description of the ethical standards that are obligatory for the acceptance and respect of all members of the professional community. The standard includes the main type of professional activity of specialists of preventive medicine direction - ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and protection of consumers, identifies summarized working functions and corresponding qualification levels for the specialist, as well as requirements for education and practical activities which are necessary for their implementation. For the each working function included into the standard there are identified required knowledge and skills. The Federal educational-methodical Association in the field of the science of health and preventive medicine prepared a new educational standard in which the professional tasks and competences of the future specialist were both harmonized with the labor functions described in the standard and aligned with the major employer of graduates - Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer rights protection and human well-being. Conclusion. The implementation of the professional standard provides a number of advantages for specialists of preventive medicine, its employers and professors of universities. Continuous updating of professional standards will allow to assess the quality and level of employee competencies, mainstream vocational training programs at all levels, aimed at creating and improving the professionalism of preventive medicine direction.
