From the 1990s onwards the World Health Organization (WHO) has been proposing palliative care as a key element of health care systems, to be inserted into mainstream planning and organization. Accordingly, WHO Public Health Palliative Care Programmes have been implemented. These programmes are defined as the systematic application of several measures to improve the care of advanced and terminal patients and their families at a population level either at the sector, regional, or national level. This chapter describes the principles, aims, and elements of WHO Public Health Programmes.
Journal Article Differences in the Tumor-Associated Reactivity of Blood Lymphocytes and Tumor-Draining Lymph Node Cells in Sarcoma Patients Get access Farkas Vánky, Farkas Vánky Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet; Radiumhemmet, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Surgery, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jan Stjernswärd, Jan Stjernswärd Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet; Radiumhemmet, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Surgery, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ulf Nilsonne, Ulf Nilsonne Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet; Radiumhemmet, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Surgery, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rolf Sundblad Rolf Sundblad Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet; Radiumhemmet, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Surgery, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 51, Issue 1, July 1973, Pages 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/51.1.17 Published: 01 July 1973 Article history Received: 05 December 1972 Accepted: 07 March 1973 Published: 01 July 1973
3-Methyldiolanthrene (MCA) administered to mice reduced the number of antibody-producing spleen cells after immunization with sheep erythrocytes measured at a single cellular level. The immuno-depression was rapid and long. Even 2 days after MCA exposure, when test antigen was given, the number of plaque-forming spleen cells (PFC) decreased more than 50 percent. After a single exposure to MCA, the PFC remained depressed for a period corresponding to the latency period prior to the appearance of the MCA-induced sarcomas. This depression of PFC was studied in groups of mice at different intervals between 1 and 20 weeks after MCA administration. Spleen weight and total spleen cell number were reduced, and there was a specific reduction of PFC when expressed as a fraction of the total number of spleen cells. The depression of the cellular immune response was compared with the humoral hemolysing and hemagglutinating antibody response toward a heterologous test antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Impairment of the graft rejection after MCA exposure, tested across a monospecific weak histocompatibility barrier (H-1) by skin grafting, was first demonstrable at the time of tumor appearance. Skingraft survival was not affected during the earlier part of the tumor latency period. The findings are discussed in relation to an earlier suggestion of Prehn and Main that MCA inhibits immunological responses and thereby allows the outgrowth of antigenic neoplastic cells.