Plasma-based acceleration (PBA) has emerged as a promising candidate for the accelerator technology used to build a future linear collider and/or an advanced light source. In PBA, a trailing or witness particle beam is accelerated in the plasma wave wakefield (WF) created by a laser or particle beam driver. The distance over which the drive beam evolves is several orders of magnitude larger than the wake wavelength. This large disparity in length scales is amenable to the quasi-static approach. Three-dimensional (3D), quasi-static (QS), particle-in-cell (PIC) codes, e.g., QuickPIC, have been shown to provide high fidelity simulation capability with 2-4 orders of magnitude speedup over 3D fully explicit PIC codes. We describe a mesh refinement scheme that has been implemented into the 3D QS PIC code, QuickPIC. We use a very fine (high) resolution in a small spatial region that includes the witness beam and progressively coarser resolutions in the rest of the simulation domain. A fast multigrid Poisson solver has been implemented for the field solve on the refined meshes and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based Poisson solver is used for the coarse mesh. The code has been parallelized with both MPI and OpenMP, and the parallel scalability has also been improved by using pipelining. A preliminary adaptive mesh refinement technique is described to optimize the computational time for simulations with an evolving witness beam size. Several test problems are used to verify that the mesh refinement algorithm provides accurate results. The results are also compared to highly resolved simulations with near azimuthal symmetry using a new hybrid QS PIC code QPAD that uses a PIC description in the coordinates ($r$, $ct-z$) and a gridless description in the azimuthal angle, $\phi$.
In this paper we present a second-order accurate adaptive algorithm for solving multiphase, incompressible flows in porous media. We assume a multiphase form of Darcy's law with relative permeabilities given as a function of the phase saturation. The remaining equations express conservation of mass for the fluid constituents. In this setting the total velocity, defined to be the sum of the phase velocities, is divergence-free. The basic integration method is based on a total-velocity splitting approach in which we solve a second-order elliptic pressure equation to obtain a total velocity. This total velocity is then used to recast component conservation equations as nonlinear hyperbolic equations. Our approach to adaptive refinement uses a nested hierarchy of logically rectangular grids with simultaneous refinement of the grids in both space and time. The integration algorithm on the grid hierarchy is a recursive procedure in which coarse grids are advanced in time, fine grids areadvanced multiple steps to reach the same time as the coarse grids and the data atdifferent levels are then synchronized. The single grid algorithm is described briefly,but the emphasis here is on the time-stepping procedure for the adaptive hierarchy. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the algorithm's accuracy and convergencemore » properties and to illustrate the behavior of the method.« less
Lack of resolution is a common problem hampering the use of large eddy simulation models for investigating boundary layer dynamics. Entrainment into the tops of marine stratus is characteristic of this problem. The use of parallel computing as a technique for resolving both boundary layer motions and the entrainment region enables the investigation of the interaction between the moist thermodynamics and turbulence in the entrainment region at very small length scales (dx = 8 m, dz = 4 m). This interaction results in heterogeneity at small scales which is important for correctly diagnosing the details of entrainment. This study presents several numerical experiments at high resolution using a generalization of a 1995 GCSS (GEWEX Cloud System Studies) model intercomparison. Subtle details of the numerical algorithm are found to cause larger differences in entrainment than choice of subgrid model. A kinetic energy budget shows that even for very high resolution, numerical dissipation is usually larger than that produced by the subgrid model. However, the structure of eddies at the inversion is determined mainly by resolution with very little dependence on numerical representation. Inversion properties are converging as resolution approaches an undulation scale. Most of the mixing is confined within 100 meters of the inversion with entraining motions having an aspect ratio of 6 to 1.
Axisymmetric numerical simulations continue to provide new insight into how the structure, dynamics, and maximum windspeeds of tornadoes, and other convectively-maintained vortices, are influenced by the surrounding environment. This work is continued with a new numerical model of axisymmetric incompresible flow that incorporates adaptive mesh refinement. The model dynamically increases or decreases the resolution in regions of interest as determined by a specified refinement criterion. Here, the criterion used is based on the cell Reynolds number, so that the flow is guaranteed to be laminar on the scale of the local grid spacing. The power of adaptive mesh refinement is used to investigate the effects of the size of the domain, the location and geometry of the convective forcing, and the effective Reynolds number (based on the choice of the eddy viscosity ν) on the behavior of the vortex. In particular, the claim that the vortex Reynolds number Γ/ν, which the ratio of the far-field circulation to the eddy viscosity, is the most important parameter for determining vortex structure and behavior is found to be valid over a wide variety of domain and forcing geometries. Furthermore, it is found that the vertical scale of the convective forcing only affects the vortex inasmuch as this vertical scale contributes to the total strength of the convective forcing. The horizontal scale of the convective forcing, however, is found to be the fundamental length scale in the problem, in that it can determine both the circulation of the fluid that is drawn into the vortex core, and also influences the depth of the swirling boundary layer. Higher mean windspeeds are sustained as the eddy viscosity is decreased; however, it is observed that that the highest windspeeds are found in the high-swirl, two-celled vortex regime rather than in the low-swirl, one-celled regime, which is opposite to
The gas in galaxy clusters is heated by shock compression through accretion (outer shocks) and mergers (inner shocks). These processes additionally produce turbulence. To analyse the relation between the thermal and turbulent energies of the gas under the influence of non-adiabatic processes, we performed numerical simulations of cosmic structure formation in a box of 152 Mpc comoving size with radiative cooling, UV background, and a subgrid scale model for numerically unresolved turbulence. By smoothing the gas velocities with an adaptive Kalman filter, we are able to estimate bulk flows toward cluster cores. This enables us to infer the velocity dispersion associated with the turbulent fluctuation relative to the bulk flow. For halos with masses above $10^{13}\,M_\odot$, we find that the turbulent velocity dispersions averaged over the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) and the intracluster medium (ICM) are approximately given by powers of the mean gas temperatures with exponents around 0.5, corresponding to a roughly linear relation between turbulent and thermal energies and transonic Mach numbers. However, turbulence is only weakly correlated with the halo mass. Since the power-law relation is stiffer for the WHIM, the turbulent Mach number tends to increase with the mean temperature of the WHIM. This can be attributed to enhanced turbulence production relative to dissipation in particularly hot and turbulent clusters.
Artifact Description See https://zenodo.org/record/7790160 (and update). Milestone data for year 7, milestone 2 (WBS 2.2.2.6, Milestone ECP-ADSE06.FY23.2).
This dataset includes the inputs, outputs, job submission scripts, and data analysis scripts used to prepare the WarpX milestone report for "Assessment of dynamic load-balancing strategies on available exascale systems." The code versions of WarpX, AMReX, and PICSAR used are stored in the outputs file for each run.
Low Mach number equation sets approximate the equations of motion of a compressible fluid by filtering out the sound waves, which allows the system to evolve on the advective rather than the acoustic time scale. Depending on the degree of approximation, low Mach number models retain some subset of possible compressible effects. In this paper we give an overview of low Mach number methods for modeling stratified flows arising in astrophysics and atmospheric science as well as low Mach number reacting flows. We discuss how elements from the different fields are combined to form MAESTRO, a code for modeling low Mach number stratified flows with general equations of state, reactions and time-varying stratification.
