Network administrators typically employ di erent methods for authenticating and authorizing the access to their networks. A exible and scalable network access method is needed to combat the ever increasing network ubiquity brought on by technological advancements. The IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Network Access is a technology that allows transparent authentication to a network. It uses EAP-methods in order to authenticate against a server. There are a lot of di erent EAP-methods to choose from, and they vary in complexity and security. This report will bring up the di erences between the most commonly used authentication methods regarding the authentication time depending on di erent delay and network load. Results showed that EAP-methods that are less complex take less time to perform authentication than their counterparts. When there is no delay, or a very small delay, this might not matter, but when the delay is higher complex EAP-methods take signi cantly longer time to perform the authentication process. This is very negative considering the nature of transparent authentication, and could lead to users becoming annoyed. A general formula for determining how long time an EAP-authentication process will take is presented.
In the ongoing debate about how to test formal models, the role of qualitative evidence has been oddly neglected, even though it is a commonly used by formal theorists. Moreover, qualitative research has played an important role in shaping our collective assessment of the value of many models. We argue that this is no accident, but rather reflects the shared focus of formal theorists and qualitative researchers on mechanisms. Despite this, the flourishing literature on qualitative methodology pays little attention to the specific issues involved in evaluating formal models, and formal modelers generally offer qualitative evidence with very little methodological self-consciousness. This paper takes a first step toward constructive engagement between the two literatures, offering ways that formal modelers can make their qualitative evidence more rigorous as well as providing insights for qualitative scholars interested in empirically evaluating formal theories.
Recent scholarship suggests that authoritarian leaders may use seemingly democratic institutions to strengthen their own rule. In this vein, China’s leaders attempted to rein in local governments by introducing new transparency regulations, with environmental transparency a key focus. However, implementing these requirements necessitates cooperation from the very actors who may be weakened by them. Surprisingly, more industrial or more polluted cities were no slower in implementing environmental transparency than cleaner ones, with pollution measured using satellite data in order to avoid relying on questionable official sources. However, cities dominated by large industrial firms lagged in implementing environmental transparency, and this effect appears strongest when a city’s largest firm is in a highly polluting industry. Our findings demonstrate that even institutional innovations designed to preserve authoritarian rule can face significant challenges of implementation.
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Political scientists frequently use qualitative evidence to support or evaluate the empirical applicability of formal models. Despite this widespread practice in international relations and comparative politics, neither the qualitative methods literature nor research on empirically evaluating formal models systematically address the topic. This paper offers three contributions to bridge this gap. First, it demonstrates that formal models and qualitative evidence are frequently combined in current research. Second, it argues that process tracing is a valuable tool for empirically assessing models because they share a common focus on understanding causal mechanisms. The third and main contribution is to provide new guidelines for using process tracing that focus on issues specific to the modeling enterprise, illustrated with numerous examples from international relations and comparative politics. These standards establish new common ground to help political scientists use qualitative evidence more effectively to evaluate formal models.
An examination of the gendered approach to coverage of NRL players behaving badly. The chapter looks at how the ABC Four Corners program 'Code of Silence' brought the problem of star players' sexual predatory behaviour to a wider audience than just the NRL faithful. The chapter also looks at how the sports press can be complicit in maintaining a representation where the players can be seen as the victims of their own actions.
Lacking the informative feedback provided by competitive elections, an unfettered press and an active civil society, authoritarian regimes can find it difficult to identify which social groups have become dangerously discontented and to monitor lower levels of government. While a rise in public protest is often seen as a harbinger of regime collapse in such states, this paper uses a formal model and a close examination of the Chinese case to show that the informal toleration and even encouragement of small-scale, narrowly economic protests can be an effective information gathering tool, mitigating these informational problems. The analysis demonstrates that protests should be observed most frequently where discontent is neither too high nor too low. This calls into question the common assumption in comparative politics that an increase in protests necessarily reflects an increase in discontent or the weakness of a regime.
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